Table 2. Cross-Sectional COGA Cohort Comparisons of Alcohol-Related, Psychiatric Comorbidity, Electroencephalography, and AUD Polygenic Score Associations by Low- and High-Risk Mild-to-Moderate and Severe AUDa.
| Variables | Mean (SD) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mild-to-moderate AUD | Severe AUD (n = 3298) | ||
| Endorsed only low-risk criteria (n = 2486) | Endorsed ≥1 high-risk criteria (n = 993) | ||
| Alcohol-related | |||
| Drinking every day for ≥1 wk, % (95% CI)b | 57.2 (55.2-59.1) | 70.2 (67.3-73.0) | 93.6 (92.7-94.4) |
| No. of drinks every day for ≥1 wkb,c,d | 6.6 (5.9) | 9.4 (10.1) | 16.1 (13.5) |
| Experienced blackouts, % (95% CI)b | 46.1 (44.1-48.1) | 56 (52.9-59.1) | 82.4 (81.1-83.7) |
| Age at first intoxication, yb | 16.8 (3.9) | 16.7 (5.1) | 15.3 (4.4) |
| Age at regular drinking, yb | 18.5 (4.7) | 18.5 (5.8) | 17.1 (4.9) |
| Maximum No. of drinksb,c,e | 17.5 (11.4) | 21.5 (16.4) | 34.1 (20.0) |
| Sought help/treatment, % (95% CI)b,c | 11.3 (10.2-12.7) | 27.6 (24.9-30.5) | 79.4 (78.0-80.8) |
| Psychiatric comorbidity, % (95% CI) | |||
| MDDb,c | 13.9 (12.3-15.7) | 16.7 (13.9-19.9) | 23.3 (21.4-25.4) |
| ASPDb,c | 8.2 (7.1-9.3) | 15.0 (12.9-17.5) | 24.4 (22.9-25.9) |
| SUDb,c,f | 44.4 (42.5-46.4) | 61.7 (58.7-64.7) | 80.0 (78.6-81.4) |
| Theta EROc | 27.0 (17.3) | 22.9 (13.9) | 20.5 (14.0) |
| Delta ERO | 48.3 (33.8) | 43.7 (25.9) | 38.1 (22.4) |
| P300 amplitude | 18.3 (9.3) | 15.9 (8.6) | 13.9 (8.3) |
| AUD PGS, % in top quintile (95% CI) | 21.0 (19.0-23.2) | 22.8 (19.5-26.4) | 23.4 (21.6-25.3) |
| African American ancestry subsample | 18.6 (13.8-24.6) | 19.5 (14.4-25.8) | 22.3 (18.9-26.1) |
| European ancestry subsample | 21.4 (19.2-23.8) | 24.2 (20.4-29.0) | 23.8 (21.7-26.1) |
Abbreviations: ASPD, antisocial personality disorder; AUD, alcohol use disorder; COGA, Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism; DSM-IV and DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition and Fifth Edition; ERO, event-related oscillation; MDD, major depressive disorder; PGS, polygenic score; SUD, comorbid substance use disorder.
Comparison sample sizes varied across correlates according to patterns of missing data (eTable 4 in Supplement 1).
Denotes variables exhibiting significant differences (P < .05) between high-risk mild-to-moderate and severe AUD in mixed models comparing low-risk and high-risk mild-to-moderate AUD with severe AUD (reference group) controlling for age, sex, race and ethnicity, and criterion count and nested within family (for alcohol-related, psychiatric, and electroencephalography correlates) or age, age2, sex, 10 ancestral principal components, genotyping array (for European ancestry subsample), cohort, and nested within family (for PGS correlates).
Denotes variables exhibiting significant differences (P < .05) between low-risk and high-risk mild-to-moderate AUD in mixed models comparing low-risk mild-to-moderate and severe AUD with high-risk mild-to-moderate AUD (reference group) controlling for age, sex, race and ethnicity, and criterion count and nested within family (for alcohol-related, psychiatric, and electroencephalography correlates) or age, age2, sex, 10 ancestral principal components, genotyping array (for European ancestry subsample), cohort, and nested within family (for PGS correlates).
Sample sizes for maximum number of drinks consumed every day during period of drinking every day for ≥1 week are restricted based on endorsement of ever drinking every day for ≥1 week.
Maximized over available interviews.
DSM-5 cannabis use disorder, cocaine use disorder, opiate use disorder, simulant use disorder, sedative use disorder, and other drug use disorder and DSM-IV nicotine dependence.