Table 1.

PICOS (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, Study Design) criteria and language, time, and geographical limits for the inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies.

Category	Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Population (P)	Patients with asthma or COPDa Patients with CVDb Patients with diabetes mellitus	—c
Intervention (I)	eHealth interventions covering at least one of the 3 domains by Shaw et al [9] and directly or indirectly supporting pharmacotherapy management including medication adherence	—
Comparators (C)	Usual care	No comparator Versus baselined
Outcomes (O)	Pharmacotherapy management or clinical outcomes	—
Study design (S)	RCTse—both parallel-group and crossover (double-blind, single-blind, open-label) Retrospective and prospective cohort studies	In vitro studies Preclinical studies Comments, letters, and editorials Case reports and case series Guidelines Single-arm trials Reviews Meta-analyses
Language	English	Non-English
Time limit	No restriction	—
Country	Western countries: Europe United Kingdom United States Canada Australia New Zealand	—

^aCOPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

^bCVD: cardiovascular disease.

^cNo exclusion criteria.

^dUnless baseline represents usual care.

^eRCTs: randomized controlled trials.