Table 3:
Predictors of New HDHP Choice among Enrollees Offered HDHP and Non-HDHP Plans by Family Size, 2007–2017
| (1) Single | (2) Family of 2 | (3) Family of 3+ | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Characteristics of HDHPs HSA/HRA (reference = no HSA/HRA) | |||
| HSA | 0.02572** (0.00137, 0.05007) | −0.01957 (−0.04413, 0.00500) | 0.01067 (−0.00640, 0.02773) |
| HRA | 0.04089*** (0.01118, 0.07060) | 0.03143** (0.00105, 0.06182) | 0.06099*** (0.04102, 0.08095) |
| Documented enrollee demographics Age (reference = 18–26 for single) | |||
| 27–34 | −0.05597*** (−0.06794, −0.04401) | −0.02558** (−0.05002, −0.00115) | −0.02799** (−0.05044, −0.00554) |
| 35–44 | −0.10359*** (−0.11592, −0.09127) | −0.04977*** (−0.07406, −0.02549) | −0.04495*** (−0.06770, −0.02220) |
| 45–54 | −0.12176*** (−0.13414, −0.10938) | −0.07358*** (−0.09756, −0.04960) | −0.06212*** (−0.08498, −0.03926) |
| 55–64 | −0.14528*** (−0.15801, −0.13254) | −0.09038*** (−0.11440, −0.06635) | −0.05925*** (−0.08294, −0.03557) |
| Race (reference = White) | |||
| Asian | 0.00708 (−0.01281, 0.02698) | −0.01173 (−0.03545, 0.01198) | 0.03721*** (0.02321, 0.05121) |
| Black | 0.02789*** (0.01840, 0.03737) | 0.02775*** (0.01698, 0.03852) | 0.00891** (0.00112, 0.01670) |
| Hispanic | 0.02053*** (0.01056, 0.03049) | 0.01609*** (0.00435, 0.02783) | −0.00290 (−0.01035, 0.00454) |
| Unknown | −0.00251 (−0.01277, 0.00776) | 0.01070* (−0.00043, 0.02183) | −0.00084 (−0.00811, 0.00644) |
| Income (reference = <$40k) | |||
| $40–$75k | −0.01464*** (−0.02261, −0.00667) | −0.01663*** (−0.02621, −0.00704) | −0.01041*** (−0.01776, −0.00305) |
| $75k–$125k | −0.02561*** (−0.03432, −0.01690) | −0.01466*** (−0.02462, −0.00469) | −0.00803** (−0.01542, −0.00064) |
| $125k–$200k | −0.01711*** (−0.02851, −0.00572) | −0.02149*** (−0.03350, −0.00948) | 0.00103 (−0.00725, 0.00931) |
| >$200k | −0.02406*** (−0.03895, −0.00917) | −0.00801 (−0.02298, 0.00695) | −0.00062 (−0.00980, 0.00856) |
| Unknown | 0.01463** (0.00072, 0.02854) | 0.02357*** (0.00570, 0.04145) | −0.00292 (−0.01490, 0.00906) |
| Education (reference = < high school) | |||
| High school | −0.04509*** (−0.07488, −0.01530) | −0.02779 (−0.06685, 0.01127) | −0.02557* (−0.05577, 0.00464) |
| Some college | −0.05260*** (−0.08240, −0.02280) | −0.02488 (−0.06396, 0.01420) | −0.02554* (−0.05572, 0.00465) |
| Bachelors or more | −0.05031*** (−0.08091, −0.01970) | −0.02496 (−0.06492, 0.01500) | −0.01418 (−0.04479, 0.01644) |
| Unknown | −0.02801 (−0.11835, 0.06233) | −0.10650*** (−0.18459, −0.02841) | −0.00265 (−0.05335, 0.04804) |
| Family size (reference = 3) | |||
| 4 | 0.00542** (0.00069, 0.01015) | ||
| 5 | 0.00768** (0.00179, 0.01358) | ||
| 6 | −0.00257 (−0.01004, 0.00489) | ||
| Sex (reference = Male) | |||
| Female | −0.00845*** (−0.01474, −0.00215) | −0.00516 (−0.01142, 0.00110) | −0.00222 (−0.00645, 0.00201) |
| Unknown | 0.54425 (−0.21424, 1.30274) | 0.45276** (0.05383, 0.85168) | 0.28650 (−0.11870, 0.69169) |
| Health care utilization in year prior to choice | |||
| SUD-related hospitalization or ED | −0.05078*** (−0.06672, −0.03485) | −0.04596*** (−0.06072, −0.03121) | −0.05784*** (−0.06584, −0.04984) |
| Non-SUD-related hospitalization or ED | −0.03391*** (−0.04171, −0.02612) | −0.04668*** (−0.05410, −0.03926) | −0.05145*** (−0.05619, −0.04670) |
| Quartile of total out of pocket costs in previous year (reference = first) | |||
| Second | −0.12051*** (−0.12787, −0.11315) | −0.10258*** (−0.11173, −0.09342) | −0.12095*** (−0.12772, −0.11417) |
| Third | −0.09516*** (−0.10469, −0.08563) | −0.09383*** (−0.10362, −0.08403) | −0.09000*** (−0.09670, −0.08331) |
| Fourth | −0.09810*** (−0.11049, −0.08571) | −0.05728*** (−0.06824, −0.04632) | −0.04134*** (−0.04843, −0.03425) |
| Observations | 76,173 | 57,520 | 129,393 |
| R-squared | 0.32588 | 0.33740 | 0.31472 |
Notes: The relationship between the choice of an HDHP and plan and enrollee characteristics using a linear probability model are shown, with coefficients and 95% confidence intervals in parentheses. We separately estimate new enrollment decisions among enrollees with single coverage, in family plans with two enrollees, and in family plans with three or more enrollees. In addition to displayed characteristics, models also control for employer and year fixed effects, the enrollee’s Census division and additional plan characteristics, including plan funding (fully insured, self-insured), coinsurance rates and copays, and out-of-pocket maxima for both the offered HDHP and non-HDHP plans. Robust standard errors are clustered at the employer level.
p<0.01,
p<0.05,
p<0.1.