Table 3.

Curative substances influencing both AP and GM.

Substance	Effect on AP	Effect on GM	Mechanism	References
IL-22	Relieves inflammation and tissue injury	Promotes epithelial repair and barrier protection	Activation of inflammation, mediated through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, results in the production of AMPs, finally repairing barrier damage or controlling pathogenic bacterial expansion	Sonnenberg et al.,150,151 Li et al., 152 Zheng et al., 196 Zindl et al. 197
IL-23	Relieves inflammation and tissue injury	Promotes epithelial repair and barrier protection	Promotes IL-22 production	Ngo et al., 182 Shih et al. 183
Propolis	Reduces neutrophil infiltration in the pancreas	Reduces intestinal inflammation	Reduces the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and increases that of IL-22	Al-Hariri et al. 184
SOCE modulators
Pyrtriazole	Reduce inflammation in the pancreas	Treat an imbalance of the GM	Reduce calcium influx in the endoplasmic reticulum	Riva et al., 185 Waldron et al. 186
CM4620
Okra pectin	Reduces inflammation in the pancreas	Prevents intestinal barrier inflammatory injury and regulates intestinal microbiota	Relieves inflammatory responses and intestinal barrier injury and regulates intestinal microbiota by inhibiting the expression of proinflammatory mediators or upregulating AMPs and occludin	Xiong et al. 187
Choline	Choline deficiency is related to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency	Choline deficiency is associated with bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine	Choline is a tightly regulated tissue component in the form of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin in all membranes and many secretions	Bernhard 198

AMP, antimicrobial peptide; AP, acute pancreatitis; GM, gut microbiota; IL, interleukin; SOCE, store-operated calcium entry; JAK, Janus kinase; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.