Table 1.
Characteristics of our sample (weighted)a: the ENFAMS survey
| n = 481 | |
|---|---|
| Mean or % (95% CI) | |
| Exposure | |
| Any breastfeeding duration ≥6 months | 61.6 (54.7 to 68.4) |
| Outcomes | |
| Children | |
| Physical health | |
| BMI z-scores (WHO references) | 0.60 (0.39 to 0.80) |
| Haemoglobin concentration (mg/L) | 11.2 (11.0 to 11.4) |
| Development (adaptive behaviours, VABS-II—scores standardised by age) | |
| Socializationb | 77.8 (76.5 to 79.1) |
| Communicationb | 73.3 (71.0 to 75.5) |
| Motor skillsb | 68.2 (66.8 to 69.6) |
| Daily living skillsb | 89.7 (87.6 to 91.7) |
| Mothers | |
| Physical health | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9 (26.2 to 27.7) |
| Haemoglobin concentration (mg/l) | 11.2 (11.0 to 11.4) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78.1 (76.3 to 79.9) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120.3 (117.9 to 122.7) |
| Perceived physical health (MEHM—positive)c | 49.8 (42.7 to 56.9) |
| Mental health | |
| Perceived emotional health (MEHM—positive)c | 39.8 (32.8 to 46.8) |
| Depression (CIDI—yes) | 27.3 (21.1 to 33.6) |
| Covariates | |
| Mother's socio-demographic factors | |
| Employment status (yes) | 15.6 (10.3 to 21.0) |
| Educational level (>high-school diploma) | 30.5 (24.4 to 36.7) |
| Monthly income (>59.5€/CU)d | 24.9 (19.2 to 30.6) |
| Mother’s region of birth (Africa) | 63.8 (57.0 to 70.6) |
| Multiparity (yes) | 31.5 (25.6 to 37.4) |
| Mother's living conditions | |
| Food security (yes) | 15.3 (9.9 to 20.7) |
| Proficiency in French (yes) | 42.3 (35.4 to 49.2) |
| Region of residence at child birth (France) | 49.8 (42.8 to 56.8) |
| Reason for departure of country of origin (to escape from violence) | 25.7 (20.5 to 31.0) |
| Mother's social and familial support | |
| Father's presence (ever lived with the child—yes) | 75.1 (69.7 to 80.6) |
| Friends' social support (invited more than once within the last year) | 55.7 (48.7 to 62.7) |
| Child characteristics | |
| Sex (boy) | 55.7 (48.7 to 62.7) |
CU, consumption unit; MEHM, Minimum European Health Module.
a
When variables are binary, only distribution for (one modality) is displayed.
b
For each domain, the sum of the raw scores of the corresponding subdomains was converted into an age-based standard score. Higher scores indicate a higher level of adaptive behaviours. Standard scores (mean = 100; SD = 15) were established for the general population in the United States.
c
Positive: ‘very good’ or ‘good’ perception.
d
First tertile <59.5€/CU/month.