Skip to main content
. 2023 Jul 14;10(5):2903–2913. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.14446

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Inverse–variance weighted (IVW) was used as the main method to analyse the two‐way causal relationship between epigenetic age (GrimAge, HannumAge, HorvathAge, and PhenoAge) and heart failure. The forest map visualizes the causal effect of exposure on outcome risk by IVW method [when the outcome is heart failure, i.e. the dichotomy variable, the standard line is the ‘X = 1’ line (orange dashed line); when the outcome is epigenetic age, i.e. the continuity variable, the standard line is the ‘X = 0’ line (orange dashed line)], and the blue markers represent positive results with P < 0.05. Beta, risk index; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; Se, standard error; SNPs, single–nucleotide polymorphisms.