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Scatter plot of epigenetic age and HF. Horizontal ordinate: single–nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) effect on ‘exposure’; vertical coordinates: SNP effect on ‘outcome’. (A) Exposure: GrimAge; outcome: HF. (B) Exposure: HannumAge; outcome: HF. (C) Exposure: HorvathAge; outcome: HF. (D) Exposure: PhenoAge; outcome: HF. MR, Mendelian randomization.
