Table 2.
Comparisons of biomarkers sampled at different locations and time points, and with a control group of 15 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy females. Data are median (interquartile range) values
| Aorta | Coronary sinus | Venous at 3 months | Controls | Aorta vs. coronary sinus (P) | Aorta vs. venous at 3 months (P) | Aorta vs. controls (P) | Venous at 3 months vs. controls (P) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 15 | 15 | 9 | 15 | 15 pairsa | 7 pairsa | 15 vs. 15b | 9 vs. 15b |
| ECM/fibrosis | ||||||||
| GAL‐3 (ng/mL) | 5.8 (4.2–7) | 5 (4.2–7.4) | 5.8 (5.3–6.6) | 5.8 (4.3–6.9) | 0.69 | 0.043 | 0.63 | 0.33 |
| GDF‐15 (ng/mL) | 2.6 (1.3–4.2) | 2.7 (1–5.7) | 1.7 (1.3–3.2) | 1.1 (0.83–1.9) | 0.23 | 1 | 0.0095 | 0.053 |
| MMP‐9 (ng/mL) | 32 (15–83) | 30 (19–65) | 46 (39–47) | 30 (19–37) | 0.19 | 0.043 | 0.49 | 0.025 |
| Endothelial cell activation | ||||||||
| OPG (ng/mL) | 17 (11–25) | 18 (12–28) | 9.6 (8.8–13) | 9 (8–10) | 0.14 | 0.063 | 0.0002 | 0.30 |
| VCAM‐1 (ng/mL) | 0.55 (0.49–0.62) | 0.59 (0.51–0.66) | 0.72 (0.57–0.77) | 0.66 (0.56–0.8) | 0.78 | 0.028 | 0.11 | 0.53 |
| vWf (AU/mL) | 23 (15–36) | 24 (15–27) | 16 (16–20) | 21 (14–28) | 0.57 | 0.61 | 0.40 | 0.33 |
| Immune activation/leukocytes | ||||||||
| sCD163 (ng/mL) | 416 (328–482) | 469 (336–539) | 582 (411–731) | 547 (483–759) | 0.26 | 0.018 | 0.044 | 0.98 |
| sTIM‐3 (ng/mL) | 4.6 (2.9–8.4) | 5.7 (2.7–11) | 2.3 (1.9–3) | 1.7 (1.5–2.3) | 0.017 | 0.043 | 0.0002 | 0.089 |
| sCD25 (ng/mL) | 0.79 (0.56–1.3) | 0.81 (0.57–1.4) | 0.91 (0.72–1.6) | 0.67 (0.61–0.98) | 0.95 | 0.61 | 0.55 | 0.13 |
| Inflammation | ||||||||
| IL‐6 (pg/mL) | 1.6 (0.72–15) | 2.8 (0.77–16) | 0.65 (0.55–0.85) | 0.51 (0.46–0.60) | 0.36 | 0.091 | 0.0001 | 0.14 |
| IL‐1Ra (pg/mL) | 30 (19–40) | 35 (19–52) | 16 (15–18) | 18 (13–19) | 0.031 | 0.18 | 0.0045 | 0.61 |
Significant P values in bold.
ECM, extracellular matrix; Gal‐3, galectin‐3; GDF‐15, growth differentiation factor‐15; MMP‐9, matrix metalloproteinase‐9; OPG, osteoprotegerin; VCAM‐1, vascular cellular adhesion molecule‐1; vWf, von Willebrand factor; sCD163, soluble CD163; sTIM‐3, soluble T‐cell immunoglobulin mucin domain‐3; sCD25, soluble CD25; IL‐6, interleukin‐6; IL‐1Ra, interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist, AU, arbitrary units.
a
Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.
b
Mann–Whitney U test.