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. 2023 Oct 11;13:17224. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-44427-6

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Graphical representation of the study cohort. Between 2015 and 2020, 371 patients underwent diagnostic work-up for suspected AIE. Diagnostic categories were AIE⁺ (antibody-positive autoimmune encephalitis), AIE^– (antibody-negative suspected autoimmune encephalitis), INE (infectious encephalitis), DGE (degenerative encephalopathy), PSY (psychiatric diagnoses). A large number of cases (n = 175) could not be assigned to any of the categories. After the application of exclusion criteria (see “Methods”) and screening for complete (blood and CSF) biosamples, 62 patients were included in the further analysis [87 individuals, including the control group of 25 patients with NIND (non-inflammatory neurologic disease)].