Table 2.

Clemastine in vitro study.

Cells	Cell origin	Intervention	Clemastine doses and incubation time	Major findings	Mechanisms	Ref.
OPCs	Cerebral cortices from 2-day-old postnatal rat	Co-culture with human neural progenitor cells,	1 μM for 48 hr	Enhanced OPCs differentiation	–	Nicaise et al. (2017)
	Cerebral hemispheres from 1-day-old postnatal SD rats	IL-1β	20 ng/ml for 7 days	Promoted the maturation of primary OPCs	Activated ERK phosphorylation	Xie et al. (2020)
Primary microglial cells	Brain cortex from 1-day old postnatal SOD1G93A mice	P2X7 receptor agonist BzATP	30 μM for 18 hr	Inhibited M1 phenotype, promoted M2 phenotype	–	Apolloni et al. (2016b)
	Cerebral hemispheres from 1-day-old postnatal SD rats	Oxygen glucose deprivation	20 ng/ml for 1 hr	Inhibited activation of microglial cells	Inhibited p38 phosphorylation	Xie et al. (2020)
	Spinal cord from 120-day-old postnatal SOD1G93A mice	–	30 μM for 6 hr	Decreased inflammation and SOD1, enhanced autophagic activity	Inhibited mTOR signaling pathway	Apolloni et al. (2016a)
BV2 microglial cells		Lysed murine RBC	20 or40 μM for 72 hr	Suppressed microglia activation	–	Zhi et al. (2021)
Primary cortical neurons	Brain cortex from 14-days-old postnatal mouse	Co-culture with activated microglia	20 or 40 μM for 72 hr	Protected against neuronal apoptosis induced by activated microglia	–	Zhi et al. (2021)