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. 2023 May 13;13(9):999–1012. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.05.005

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Ginsenoside Rk2 (Rk2) inhibits ethanol-induced liver inflammation by inhibiting nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome signaling pathway. (A) Hepatic level of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β. (B) Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IL-1β. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as a control. (C) Representative images of immunofluorescence staining of liver sections for F4/80 (green). The nucleus was stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; blue). (D) Hepatic protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MYD88)/NF-κB signaling pathway. (E) Hepatic mRNA expression of NLRP3. GAPDH was used as a control. (F) Hepatic level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (G) Hepatic protein expression of purinergic P2X receptor 7 (P2X7R)/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Experiments were repeated at least three times. ∗∗P < 0.01 and ∗∗∗P < 0.001 vs. control group (CON); #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, and ###P < 0.001 vs. ethanol-fed (ETH) alone group. p-IκBα: phosphorylated inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB α; p-P65: phosphorylated P65; ASC: apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD; Pro-casp-1: pro-caspase-1.