Table 1.

List of barriers by groups.

Category	Barriers	Homeless	Immigrant/Migrant	Incarcerated	Detained
Cultural barriers	Lack of culturally sensitive approaches	1	5
	Lack of trust	1	7		1
	No access or perceived lack of access		2	4	1
	Poor health literacy	1	3
	Stigma and racism in healthcare	1	2	1
Immigration and language barriers	Undocumented status		2
	Fears of deportation or other immigration ramifications		11
	Fear of public charge rule		4
	General anti-immigration policies		1
	Lack of identification		2
	Limited English proficiency		13		1
Insurance, cost, and logistic barriers	Closure of clinics		1
	Distance to testing site	1	4
	Fear of losing work	1	7
	Fear of food insecurity	1	2
	Fear of dying in hospital		1
	Fear of quarantine or isolation	1	2	4
	Fear of contact tracing	1
	Fear of contracting COVID-19	1	1
	Fear of losing personal privileges	3		1
	Fear of law enforcement	1	1
	Worries about safety			1
	Institutional barriers to accessing healthcare				1
	Lack of appointment information	1	2
	Lack of connection to healthcare	1	2
	Lack of insurance		8
	Medical care costs		5	2
	Lack of information	1	4		1
	Lack of technology	3
	Lag in or lack of result reporting		2
	No appointments or need for appointment		3
Other	Constant movement within facility			1
	Drug abuse		1
	Lack of time	1	2
	Need to sign a form				1
	Not severe enough symptoms or limited to symptoms		2