Table 2.
Summary of the toxicants confirmed or suspected in 313 dogs and 100 cats treated with intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE).
| Toxicant | n (dogs) | % (dogs) | n (cats) | % (cats) | n (total) | % (total) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 313 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 413 | 100 |
| Unknown | 142 | 45.4 | 58 | 58.0 | 200 | 48.4 |
| Tremorgenic mycotoxins | 43 | 13.7 | – | – | 43 | 10.4 |
| Walnut* (penitrem A, roquefortine) | 21 | 6.7 | – | – | 21 | 5.1 |
| Garbage | 11 | 3.5 | – | – | 11 | 2.7 |
| Tainted meat/feed | 5 | 1.6 | – | – | 5 | 1.2 |
| Compost | 5 | 1.6 | – | – | 5 | 1.2 |
| Other mycotoxin | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Rodenticides | 12 | 3.8 | 21 | 21.0 | 33 | 8.0 |
| Alpha-chloralose | 7 | 2.2 | 16 | 16 | 23 | 5.6 |
| Coumatetralyl or unknown | 4 | 1.3 | 4 | 4.0 | 8 | 1.9 |
| Coumarin derivative | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 1.0 | 2 | 0.5 |
| Recreational Drugs | 28 | 8.9 | 2 | 2.0 | 30 | 7.3 |
| Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)* | 18 | 5.8 | 2 | 2.0 | 20 | 4.8 |
| Nicotine | 9 | 2.9 | – | – | 9 | 2.2 |
| Unknown drugs | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Plants and plant-based toxins | 22 | 7.0 | 1 | 1.0 | 23 | 5.5 |
| Cyanogen-Glykosid (Prunus laurocerasus, Phaseolus spp., cherries, mirabelles*) | 5 | 1.6 | – | – | 5 | 1.2 |
| Grapes/raisins (Vitis ssp.) | 4 | 1.3 | – | – | 4 | 1.0 |
| Mushroom | 3 | 1.0 | – | – | 3 | 0.7 |
| Yew berries (Taxus baccata L.) | 2 | 0.6 | – | – | 2 | 0.5 |
| Lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Beechnuts (Fagus sylvatica) | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Unknown plant | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Bark mulch | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Blue green algae | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Rhododendron | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Ivy (Hedera helix) | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Stagnant water | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Monstera deliciosa | – | – | 1 | 1.0 | 1 | 0.2 |
| Food leftovers/kitchen waste | 23 | 7.3 | – | – | 23 | 5.5 |
| Theobromine* | 11 | 3.5 | – | – | 11 | 2.7 |
| Any food leftovers/kitchen waste (e.g., fish) | 7 | 2.2. | – | – | 7 | 1.7 |
| Alcohol* | 2 | 0.6 | – | – | 2 | 0.5 |
| Caffeine* | 2 | 0.6 | – | – | 2 | 0.5 |
| Xylitol | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Chemicals | 13 | 4.2 | 8 | 8.0 | 21 | 5.1 |
| Fertilizer | 5 | 1.6 | 1 | 1.0 | 6 | 1.5 |
| Didecyldimethylammonium chloride | – | – | 5 | 5.0 | 5 | 1.2 |
| Poison baits, incl. Parathion/sulfotep and organophosphates | 3 | 1.0 | – | – | 3 | 0.7 |
| Chemicals (e.g., heat pad) | 2 | 0.6 | 1 | 1.0 | 3 | 0.7 |
| Cleaning solution | 1 | 0.3 | 1 | 1.0 | 2 | 0.5 |
| Glyphosphate herbicide (round-up) | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Pen/ink | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Antiparasitics | 10 | 3.2 | 6 | 6.0 | 16 | 3.9 |
| Permethrin | – | – | 4 | 4.0 | 4 | 1.0 |
| Pyrethrum/Permethrin | 3 | 1.0 | – | – | 3 | 0.7 |
| Deltamethrin | 2 | 0.6 | – | – | 2 | 0.5 |
| Ivermectin | 2 | 0.6 | – | – | 2 | 0.5 |
| Permethrin + pyriproxyfen + dinotefuran | – | – | 1 | 1.0 | 1 | 0.2 |
| Milbemycin | – | – | 1 | 1.0 | 1 | 0.2 |
| Moxidectin/Imidacloprid | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Fluralaner | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Unknown spot-on | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Other medication | 8 | 2.6 | 4 | 4.0 | 12 | 2.9 |
| NSAIDs | 3 | 1.0 | 2 | 2.0 | 5 | 1.2 |
| Ibuprofen (NSAID) | 2 | 0.6 | – | – | 2 | 0.5 |
| Robenacoxib (NSAID) | – | – | 2 | 2.0 | 2 | 0.5 |
| Diclofenac (NSAID) | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Anticonvulsants | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.3 |
| Phenobarbital/Potassium bromide/Imepetoin | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.3 |
| Other | 4 | 12 | 1 | |||
| Metronidazole | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Clozapine* | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| 5-Hydroxytryptophan | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Lisdexamfetamin | – | – | 1 | 1.0 | 1 | 0.2 |
| DL-mehtionine | – | – | 1 | 1.0 | 1 | 0.2 |
| Unknown medication | 1 | 0.3 | – | – | 1 | 0.2 |
| Feces/manure | 10 | 3.2 | – | – | 10 | 2.4 |
| Nuts | 6 | 1.9 | – | – | 6 | 1.5 |
| Macadamia nuts | 4 | 1.3 | – | – | 4 | 1.0 |
| Unknown nuts* | 2 | 0.6 | – | – | 2 | 0.5 |
| Molluscicides | 5 | 1.6 | – | – | 5 | 1.2 |
| Metaldehyde | 5 | 1.6 | – | – | 5 | 1.2 |
n, number ILE-treated dogs or cats or all patients assigned to at least one of the respective toxicant groups. *Combinations of different toxicant groups or several toxicants within the same toxicant group are possible.