Table 1.

Comparative targets and assessment tools across major neurodegenerative diseases [6].

Targets and tools	Alzheimer disease	Parkinson disease	Huntington disease
Age of diagnosis (years)	60	60	40
Induction period (years)	15	20	10
Target proteins	Amyloid-β, tau	α-Synuclein (SNCA)	Huntingtin (HTT)
Genetic markers	APOEa, PSENb	LRRKc, PARKd, PINKe, SNCA	HTT
Symptomatic treatment	None	L-DOPAf, istradefylline	None
Primary impairment	Memory	Movement	Movement
Rating scales	iADRSg, ADAS-Cogh	MDS-UPDRSi, H&Yj, ADLk, PDQ-39l	UHDRSm

^aAPOE: apolipoprotein E.

^bPSEN: presenilin-1.

^cLRRK: leucine-rich repeat kinase 2.

^dPARK: parkin.

^ePINK: PTEN-induced kinase.

^fL-DOPA: levodopa (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine).

^giADRS: Integrated Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale.

^hADAS-Cog: Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale.

ⁱMDS-UPDRS: Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.

^jH&Y: Hoehn and Yahr scale.

^kADL: Activities of Daily Living.

^lPDQ-39: Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire.

^mUHDRS: Unified Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale.