Fig. 4.

Metabolomics milk showing fat utilization is the essential cofactors of gluconeogenesis. A: Metabolomics heatmap of liver at postnatal 24 h (n = 5). The liver samples were collected from the mouse neonates as illustrated in Fig. 3. B, C: Hepatic levels of liver pyruvate carboxylase activity (B) and acetyl-CoA (C) of mice lactated by normal milk (NM) or low-fat milk (LFM) at postnatal 24 h (n = 6). D: The schematic summary. Neonatal liver actively produce glucose through FAO and gluconeogenesis. Low milk lipid significantly reduced imported FFA and glycerol into the liver, consequently blocking FAO and gluconeogenesis. Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. Data were analyzed using a two-tailed Student’s t test. ∗P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001. FAO, fatty acid oxidation.