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Bars represent the number of patients categorized according to presence or absence of small airway dysfunction (SAD) given by the R5-R20+ indicator (a conservative upper limit of normal for R5–R20 was chosen at 0.070 kPa·s·L−1 and was defined as R5-R20+). The comparison between the number of patients of R5-R20+ with poorly controlled asthma (ACT score ≤19) and that of R5-R20+ with well controlled asthma (ACT score >19) was significantly different (χ2 = 12.01, p < 0.001).
