Table 2. Characterization of participants included in the studies, according to the evaluated alternative.
| Study | Compared alternatives | Number of participants | Mean age (SD). | Male n (%) |
White n (%) |
Comorbidities * n (%) |
BMC ≥30 kg/m2 n (%) |
Primary series of COVID-19 vaccine and/or boosters n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ganatra et al., 2022 [13]a | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for 5 days. | 1,130 | 57.5 (16.3) | 418 (37.0) | 925 (81.9) | > 50% had at least 1 comorbidity. | 237 (21) | 1,130 (100) |
| Standard treatment | 1,130 | 57.7 (16.3) | 406 (35.9) | 941 (83.3) | > 50% had at least 1 comorbidity. | 208 (18) | 1,130 (100) | |
| Yip et al., 2022 [14]a | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for 5 days. | 4,921 | 70.8 (12.1) | 2,247 (45.7) | NR | 1,970 (40) | 24.0 (4.2)b,d | 42.6 (15.8)e |
| No antiviral treatment. | 4,758 | 70.5 (12.2) | 2,178 (45.8) | NR | 1,907 (40) | 24.5 (4.7)b,d | 42.8 (15.7)e | |
| Wai et al., 2023 [17] | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for 5 days. | 4,442 | 4,366 (98,3%)c | 2,016 (45.4) | NRf | > 10% had at least 1 comorbidity. | NR | NR |
| No antiviral treatment. | 23,430 | 21,904 (93,5%)c | 11,078 (47.3) | NRf | > 50% had at least 1 comorbidity. | NR | NR | |
| Hedvat et al., 2022 [18] | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for 5 days. | 28 | 57.6 (44.3–68.6) | 11 (39.3) | NR | 28 (100) | 25.3 (22.3–30)b | 23 (82.1) |
| No antiviral treatment. | 75 | 53.3 (37.6–64.6) | 32 (42.7) | NR | 75 (100) | 27 (23.3–29.5)b | 61 (81.3) | |
| Dryden-Peterson et al., 2022 [19]a | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for 5 days. | 11,797 | 50–64 years– 6,388 (54%) ≥ 65 years—5,408 (46%) |
4,880 (41) | 10,164 (86) | ≤3: 6,727 (57) ≥4: 5,070 (43)i |
4,013 (34) | 10, 752 (91) |
| No antiviral treatment. | 32,248 | 50–64 years—17,881(55%) ≥ 65 years 14,367 (45%) |
12,603 (39) | 27,266 (85) | ≤3: 18,464 (57) ≥4: 13,784 (43)i |
10,661 (33) | 29,158 (90) | |
| Wong et al., 2022 [20]a | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for 5 days. | 5,542 | 4,758 (85.9%)c | 2,566 (46.3) | NR | 0–4: 5291 (95.5)k 5–14: 251 (4.5) |
NR | 1,850 (33.4) |
| No antiviral treatment. | 54,672 | 46,601 (85.2%)c | 25,490 (46.6) | NR | 0–4: 52,345 (95.7) 5–14: 1,327 (4.3) |
NR | 18,138 (33.2) | |
| Arbel et. al, 2022 [21] | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for 5 days. | 3,902 | 67.4 (11.2) | 1,553 (40) | NR | 3,902 (100) | 1,626 (42) | 3,520 (90) |
| No antiviral treatment. | 105,352 | 59.6 (12.8) | 41,987 (40) | NR | 105,352 (100) | 36,140 (34) | 81,861 (78) | |
| Schwartz et. al., 2023 [16]a | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for 5 days. | 8,876 | 74.3 (NI) | 3,613 (40.7) | NR | ≥ 3 3,805 (42.9) < 3 5,071 (57.1) |
NR | 8,326 (93.8) |
| No antiviral treatment. | 168,669 | 52.4 (NI) | 61,733 (36.6) | NR | ≥ 3 26,888 (15.9) < 3 141,781 (84.1) |
NR | 156,525 (92.8) | |
| Aggarwal et al., 2023 [24]a | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for 5 days. | 7,168 | 18–44 years 3,288 (45.9%) 45–64 years 1,582 (22.1%) ≥ 65 years 2,298 (32.1%) |
2,966 (41.4) | 5,826 (81.3) | 4,378 (61.1) | 1,924 (26.8) | 5,416 (75.5) |
| No antiviral treatment. | 9,361 | 18–44 years 5,964 (63.7%) 45–64 years 1,442 (15.4%) ≥ 65 years 1,955 (20.9%) |
3,899 (41.7) | 7,365 (78.7) | 4,450 (47.5) | 1,793 (19.2) | 6,932 (74) | |
| Najjar-Debbiny et al., 2022 [22] | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for 5 days. | 4,737 | 68.5 (12.5) | 1,992 (42.1) | NR | 4,737 (100) | 1,938 (40.9) | 3,686 (77.8) |
| No antiviral treatment. | 175,614 | 53.9 (16.8) | 71,967 (41.0) | NR | 175,614 (100) | 97,938 (55.8) | 131,796 (75.0) | |
| Qian et al., 2022 [15] | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for 5 days. | 307 | 57.1 (14.9) | 72 (23.5) | 259 (84.4) | 260 (84.4) | 27.7 (7.3)b | 299 (97.4) |
| No antiviral treatment. | 278 | 58.3 (15.6) | 73 (26.3) | 223 (80.2) | 234 (84.2) | 27.0 (8.3)b | 260 (93.5) | |
| Shah et al., 2022 [23] | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for 5 days. | 198,927 | 18–49 years 56,620 (28.5%) 50–64 years 66,929 (33.6%) ≥ 65 years 75,378 (37.9%) |
75,984 (38.2) | 158,696 (79.8) | 182,768 (91.9) | 98,892 (49.7) | 156,248 (78.5) |
| No antiviral treatment. | 500,921 | 18–49 years 221,089 (44.1%) 50–64 years 147,274 (29.4) ≥ 65 years 132,558 (26.5) |
184,184 (36.8) | 368,109 (73.5) | 463,849 (92.6) | 243,331 (48.6) | 325,058 (64.9) | |
| Bajema et. al., 2022 [25]a | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for 5 days. | 1,587 | 65.0 (54.0,74.0) | 1,412 (89.0) | 1,111 (70.0) | 1,587 (100) | 818 (51.5) | 1,050 (66.3) |
| No antiviral treatment. | 1,587 | 66.0 (54.0,74.0) | 1,416 (89.3) | 1,149 (72.4) | 1,587 (100) | 817 (51.5) | 1,035 (65.2) | |
| Lewnard et. al., 2023 [28] | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for 5 days. | 7,274 | 12–39 años -686 (9.4%) 40-59años-2,659 (36.6%) ≥ 60 anos 3,929 (54.0%) |
3,080 (42.3) | 1,921 (26.4) | 3,534 (48.6) | 3,253 (44.7) | 6,831 (93.9) |
| No antiviral treatment. | 126,152 | 12–39 años-44,862 (35.6%) 40–59 años-49,864 (39.5%) ≥ 60 anos 31,425 (24.9%) |
56,357 (44.7) | 26,884 (21.3) | 6,636 (21,1) | 39,482 (31.3) | 107,377 (85.1) | |
| Zhou et. al., 2022 [29]a | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for 5 days. | 2,808 | 60.6 (15.8) | 1,183 (42.1) | 2,381 (84.8) | 1.38 (2.2)h | 1,214 (43.2) | 1,897 (67.6)h |
| No antiviral treatment. | 10,849 | 60.7 (16.7) | 4,539 (41.8) | 9,132 (84.2) | 1.36 (2.3)h | 4,870 (44.9) | 7,207 (66.4)h | |
| Patel et al., 2022 [26] | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir for 5 days. | 337 | 52.6 (15.5) | 178 (52.8) | 227 (67.4) | 337 (100) | 5 (1.5)j | 301 (89.3) |
| No antiviral treatment. | 4,044 | 52.4 (17.5) | 2,210 (54.7) | 1,986 (49.1) | 4,044 (100.0) | 72 (1.8)j | 3,488 (86,3) |
* Cardiovascular diseases; digestive diseases; diabetes mellitus; malignant tumor; nervous system diseases; respiratory diseases; kidney diseases; HIV infection. SD: Standard Deviation; BMI: Body Mass Index; NR: Not Reported.
a) Propensity Score Matching (PSM) or Weighted Analytic Cohort matched cohort;
b) Mean BMI (SD);
c) Studies by Wai et al., 2022 [17], Wong et al., 2022 [48] reported the number of patients over 60 and 65 years old (%);
d)Yip et al, 2022 [14], refers to BMI data before PSM;
e) Rate of complete vaccination specified by age and sex (% and SD);
f) 92.6% of the patients are of Chinese ethnicity.;
g) Zhou et al., 2022 [29], vaccination status was measured considering at least one dose (≥ 1 dose);
h) Deyo-Charlson Comorbidity Index Score;
i) Dryden-Peterson et al., 2022 used the Monoclonal Antibody Screening Score—a comorbidity index that predicts the risk of hospitalization from COVID-19;
j) Class 3 obesity: BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2;
k) Charlson Comorbidity Index score.