Table 3.
The effect of 14-weeks of KDPWHE, WHEY, or CON treatment in adults with type-2 diabetes mellitus on mechanistic parameters relating to skeletal-muscle tissue and erythrocyte redox environment, and muscle endogenous antioxidant enzyme content and mitochondrial enzyme plasticity.
| Parameter, state | Within-Group Baseline-Adjusted Changea |
Baseline-Adjusted Treatment-Group Contrast Effect Size Statistics3 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment (n) | Week 15-0 Change in % (90%CL)b | Treatment Contrast | Estimate % (90%CL)b | Standardized difference (90%CL)3,4 | Magnitude4 | |
| Skeletal muscle (V. Lateralis) | ||||||
| [GSH], basal | CON (6) | 8.3 (-10.1, 30) | WHEY-CON | -28 (-96, 1143) | -1.3 (-12.2, 9.7) | Unclear |
| WHEY (6) | -21, (-49, 21) | KDPWHE-CON | 6.1 (-55, 151) | 0.23 (-3.1 3.5) | Unclear | |
| KDPWHE (5) | -30 (-52, 2.3) | KDPWHE-WHEY | 47 (-81, 1044) | 1.5 (-6.4, 9.4) | Unclear | |
| oxiPRX2, basal | CON (11) | -0.5 (-12, 10.9) | WHEY-CON | -5.2 (-23, 12) | -0.57 (-2.8, 1.3) | Unclear |
| WHEY (11) | -5.7 (-20, 8.4) | KDPWHE-CON | 19 (2.2, 35) | 1.8 (0.24, 3.2) | Small to very large | |
| KDPWHE (11) | 18.1 (6.4, 30) | KDPWHE-WHEY | 24 (6.1, 41) | 2.3 (0.64, 3.7) | Moderate to very large | |
| oxiPRX2, insulin stimulated | CON (12) | -10.5 (-23, 1.6) | WHEY-CON | 22 (4.2, 39) | 1.4 (0.29, 2.3) | Small to very large |
| WHEY (11) | -8.9 (-20, 1.9) | KDPWHE-CON | 4.0 (-16, 24) | 0.28 (-1.2, 1.5) | Unclear | |
| KDPWHE (10) | -2.3 (-7.8, 3.2) | KDPWHE-WHEY | -18 (-38, 2.9) | -1.4 (-3.4, 0.20) | Slight to very large | |
| oxiPRX3, basal | CON (12) | -3.1 (-12, 5.8) | WHEY-CON | -2.3 (-17, 13) | -0.20 (-1.6, 1.0) | Unclear |
| WHEY (10) | -5.4 (-18, 7.1) | KDPWHE-CON | 0.9 (-12, 14) | 0.08 (-1.1, 1.1) | Unclear | |
| KDPWHE (10) | -2.2 (-11.3, 6.9) | KDPWHE-WHEY | 3.2 (-12, 18) | 0.27 (-1.1, 1.5) | Unclear | |
| oxiPRX3, insulin stimulated | CON (12) | -10.5 (-23, 1.6) | WHEY-CON | -1.7 (-15, 18) | 0.10 (-0.91, 0.95) | Unclear |
| WHEY (10) | -8.9 (-20, 1.9) | KDPWHE-CON | 6.0 (-7.6, 19) | 0.33 (-0.46, 1.0) | Unclear | |
| KDPWHE (10) | -4.6 (-11.4, 2.2) | KDPWHE-WHEY | 4.3 (-8.0, 17) | 0.40 (-0.49, 0.89) | Unclear | |
| [NRF2], basal | CON (12) | 1.5 (-41, 44) | WHEY-CON | -10.6 (-65, 44) | -0.18 (-1.66, 0.58) | Unclear |
| WHEY (9) | 5.0 (-28, 38) | KDPWHE-CON | -20 (-73, 34) | -0.35 (-2.11, 0.47) | Unclear | |
| KDPWHE (10) | 3.7 (-53, 60) | KDPWHE-WHEY | -30 (-91, 31 | -0.57 (-3.87, 0.43) | Unclear | |
| [NRF2], insulin stimulated | CON (12) | 1.5 (-41, 44) | WHEY-CON | 3.5 (-51, 58) | 0.05 (-1.11, 0.72) | Unclear |
| WHEY (10) | 5.0 (-28, 38) | KDPWHE-CON | -1.3 (-67, 65) | -0.02 (-1.75, 0.78) | Unclear | |
| KDPWHE (10) | 3.7 (-53, 61) | KDPWHE-WHEY | 2.2 (-69, 73) | 0.03 (-1.84, 0.87) | Unclear | |
| [GPx1], basal | CON (9) | 20 (-8.7, 57) | WHEY-CON | -5.0 (-37, 44) | -0.09 (-0.85, 0.66) | Unclear |
| WHEY (7) | 14 (-17, 56) | KDPWHE-CON | -38 (-59, -6.7) | -0.87 (-1.62, -0.13) | Slight to large | |
| KDPWHE (8) | -26 (-45, 0.8) | KDPWHE-WHEY | -35 (-58, 1.2) | -0.78 (-1.58, 0.02) | Slight to large | |
| [GPx1], insulin stimulated | CON (9) | 1.3 (-20, 29) | WHEY-CON | 42 (-1.7, 106) | 0.81 (-0.04, 1.67) | Slight to large |
| WHEY (7) | 44 (8.8, 91) | KDPWHE-CON | 39 (-4.5, 101) | 0.76 (-0.11, 1.62) | Slight to large | |
| KDPWHE (8) | 41 (5.6, 87) | KDPWHE-WHEY | -2.5 (-35, 46) | -0.06 (-0.99, 0.87) | Unclear | |
| [SOD1], basal | CON (9) | 4.5 (-13, 26) | WHEY-CON | -12 (-34, 17) | -0.17 (-0.54, 0.20) | Slight to small |
| WHEY (7) | -8.4 (-26, 14) | KDPWHE-CON | -10.6 (-32, 18) | -0.14 (-0.50, 0.21) | Unclear | |
| KDPWHE (8) | -6.5 (-24, 14) | KDPWHE-WHEY | 2.1 (-234, 37) | 0.03 (-0.35, 0.41) | Unclear | |
| [SOD1], insulin stimulated | CON (9) | -6.9 (-21, 9.3) | WHEY-CON | 21 (-5.3, 55) | 0.72 (-0.21, 1.65) | Slight to large |
| WHEY (7) | 13 (-6.4, 36) | KDPWHE-CON | 26 (-0.3, 60) | 0.88 (-0.01, 1.78) | Slight to large | |
| KDPWHE (8) | 18 (-1.2, 40) | KDPWHE-WHEY | -12 (-34, 17) | 0.16 (-0.81, 1.12) | Unclear | |
| NF-κB, basalc | CON (9) | 8.9 (-17, 43) | WHEY-CON | -37 (-65, 14) | -0.93 (-2.1, 0.26) | Unclear |
| WHEY (10) | -32 (-61, 19) | KDPWHE-CON | -10.9 (-34, 20) | -0.23 (-0.83, 0.37) | Unclear | |
| KDPWHE (9) | -3.0 (-17, 14) | KDPWHE-WHEY | 42 (-20, 148) | 0.69 (-0.43, 1.8) | Unclear | |
| NF-κB insulin stimulatedc | CON (8) | -9.3 (-47, 55) | WHEY-CON | -24 (-57, 34) | -0.72 (-2.2, 0.77) | Unclear |
| WHEY (7) | -31 (-50, 4.5) | KDPWHE-CON | 10.4 (-37, 93) | 0.26 (-1.2, 1.7) | Unclear | |
| KDPWHE (9) | 0.2 (-20, 25) | KDPWHE-WHEY | 46 (3.4, 105) | 0.98 (0.09, 1.9) | Moderate to large | |
| CS activity, basal | CON (12) | 43 (11.4, 82) | WHEY-CON | 32 (-3.7, 67) | 0.50 (-0.07, 0.93) | Slight to moderate |
| WHEY (11) | 95 (48, 158) | KDPWHE-CON | -2.2 (-36, 31) | -0.04 (-0.80, 0.49) | Unclear | |
| KDPWHE (11) | 39 (8.2, 80) | KDPWHE-WHEY | -34 (-69, 1.9) | -0.74 (-2.1, 0.03) | Slight to large | |
| COXIV activity, basal | CON (12) | 46 (1.2, 19) | WHEY-CON | 2.1 (-31, 35) | 0.05 (-0.87, 0.71) | Unclear |
| WHEY (11) | 49 (1.3, 136) | KDPWHE-CON | -19 (-44, 6.6) | -0.49 (-1.4, 0.15) | Slight to large | |
| KDPWHE (11) | 21 (1.2, 1.8) | KDPWHE-WHEY | -21 (-52, 10.5) | -0.55 (-1.8, 0.24) | Unclear | |
| Erythrocytes | ||||||
| [GSH], basal | CON (12) | 5.6 (-2.3, 14) | WHEY-CON | -4.0 (-17, 9.4) | -0.23 (-1.1, 0.52) | Unclear |
| WHEY (12) | 1.6 (-10, 13) | KDPWHE-CON | -3.3 (-17, 10.3) | -0.20 (-1.07, 0.57) | Unclear | |
| KDPWHE (11) | 2.3 (-9.7, 14) | KDPWHE-WHEY | 0.6 (-15, 16) | 0.04 (-0.94, 0.87) | Unclear | |
| oxiPRX2, basal | CON (12) | 0.6 (-1.3, 2.4) | WHEY-CON | 1 (-3, 4) | 0.20 (-0.76, 1.15) | Unclear |
| WHEY (12) | 1.3 (-1.7, 4.2) | KDPWHE-CON | -1 (-4, 1) | -0.33 (-1.07, 0.41) | Unclear | |
| KDPWHE (11) | -0.6 (-2.5, 1.3) | KDPWHE-WHEY | -2 (-5, 2) | -0.49 (-1.52, 0.44) | Unclear | |
a
Refer to Fig. 2 for plots of raw unit point data and distribution statistics, SM Data 1 for detailed statistics, raw measurement units, raw unit point and change-score mean and SD.
b
-4Refer Table 2 footer.
c
NF-κB DNA binding is of p50 and p65 combined subunits.CON, non-protein isocaloric control; KDPWHE, keratin-derived protein with whey protein blend; WHEY, whey protein isolate. Insulin stimulated is the insulin minus baseline score difference.