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. 2023 Oct 12;10:694. doi: 10.1038/s41597-023-02611-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Single-cell analysis reveals the immune cell heterogeneity and cytokine activity between HPV+ and HPV− HNSCC. (a) UMAP visualization of different HPV statuses. (b) Expression of marker genes for 10 distinct cell types. (c) UMAP visualization of predicted cell types. (d) Ration comparison of each cell type in HPV+ and HPV− samples. (e) Eighty-two differentially expressed cytokines are selected for further analysis. (f) The scores of the 82 DEGs. The threshold was chosen as 0.19, and the DEG score of 493 cells exceeded the value. (g) UMAP plots based on the DEG score for each cell. Cell clusters with a high score are highlighted. (h) Violin plot showing the cytokine activity of each cell type. UMAP, Uniform manifold approximation and projection; DEG, differentially expressed gene. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.