Table 1.
Characteristics of participants in different concordant/discordant groups *.
| Characteristic | Concordant/discordant of LDL-C and RC | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low LDL-C and low RC (n=3,517) |
Low LDL-C and high RC (n=1,853) |
High LDL-C and low RC (n=1,558) |
High LDL-C and high RC (n=3,914) |
||
| Age, (mean ± SE), years | 37.70 ± 0.30 | 40.75 ± 0.41 | 44.79 ± 0.44 | 46.12 ± 0.29 | <0.001 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 1951 (57.22) | 754 (40.59) | 763 (50.47) | 1580 (42.23) | <0.001 |
| Female | 1566 (42.78) | 1099 (59.41) | 795 (49.53) | 2334 (57.77) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1517 (67.09) | 833 (67.48) | 670 (67.75) | 1889 (72.90) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 888 (13.95) | 280 (8.55) | 440 (15.73) | 495 (6.65) | |
| Mexican American | 519 (7.59) | 419 (11.12) | 205 (6.01) | 922 (9.74) | |
| Other | 593 (11.37) | 321 (12.85) | 243 (10.50) | 608 (10.71) | |
| Educational level | |||||
| Less than high school | 209 (3.08) | 177 (4.52) | 115 (3.65) | 484 (5.68) | <0.001 |
| High school or equivalent | 1214 (30.12) | 707 (34.73) | 545 (32.05) | 1541 (38.23) | |
| College or above | 2094 (66.80) | 969 (60.75) | 898 (64.30) | 1889 (56.09) | |
| Family income-poverty ratio | |||||
| ≤1.0 | 719 (14.27) | 385 (14.47) | 256 (9.90) | 723 (12.59) | <0.001 |
| 1.1-3.0 | 1383 (34.68) | 789 (37.87) | 598 (33.79) | 1650 (36.02) | |
| >3.0 | 1415 (51.05) | 679 (47.66) | 704 (56.32) | 1541 (51.38) | |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never smoker | 1985 (55.81) | 872 (48.17) | 890 (56.29) | 1834 (47.10) | <0.001 |
| Former smoker | 714 (21.55) | 454 (24.15) | 360 (22.71) | 1065 (26.32) | |
| Current smoker | 818 (22.64) | 527 (27.67) | 308 (21.00) | 1015 (26.57) | |
| Alcohol drinking | |||||
| Non-drinker | 478 (10.61) | 348 (14.55) | 260 (14.52) | 773 (16.46) | <0.001 |
| Low to moderate drinker | 1544 (45.44) | 590 (33.37) | 680 (46.32) | 1381 (38.24) | |
| Heavy drinker | 1495 (43.94) | 915 (52.08) | 618 (39.16) | 1760 (45.30) | |
| BMI | 26.29 ± 0.17 | 29.70 ± 0.21 | 27.76 ± 0.19 | 29.82 ± 0.16 | <0.001 |
| Waist Circumference | 90.43 ± 0.42 | 100.88 ± 0.52 | 95.01 ± 0.46 | 101.70 ± 0.36 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 115.63 ± 0.33 | 121.23 ± 0.44 | 118.68 ± 0.44 | 122.57 ± 0.33 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 68.21 ± 0.26 | 71.76 ± 0.35 | 70.83 ± 0.32 | 73.31 ± 0.24 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1190 (28.84) | 954 (48.72) | 680 (38.16) | 2139(51.55) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 238 (4.27) | 274 (11.02) | 113 (4.88) | 516(9.55) | <0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 29 (0.45) | 37 (1.21) | 12 (0.52) | 49(0.82) | 0.007 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 314 (6.95) | 277 (11.51) | 136 (6.62) | 531(10.25) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 41 (0.79) | 35 (1.12) | 26 (0.86) | 82(1.70) | 0.002 |
| Antihypertensive drugs use | 135 (2.86) | 156 (7.23) | 84 (4.43) | 307 (6.87) | <0.001 |
| Hypoglycemic drugs use | 100 (1.63) | 135 (5.84) | 43 (1.75) | 176 (3.01) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, (mean ± SE), mg/dL | 89.34 ± 0.48 | 99.75 ± 0.41 | 139.12 ± 0.64 | 150.85 ± 0.54 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, (mean ± SE), mg/dL | 60.32 ± 0.42 | 47.78 ± 0.41 | 60.12 ± 0.46 | 48.28 ± 0.28 | <0.001 |
| Non-HDL-C, (mean ± SE), mg/dL | 104.40 ± 0.51 | 126.26 ± 0.47 | 155.86 ± 0.65 | 180.64 ± 0.61 | <0.001 |
| TG, (mean ± SE), mg/dL | 66.45 ± 0.41 | 160.95 ± 1.71 | 71.56 ± 0.44 | 163.94 ± 1.26 | <0.001 |
| TC, (mean ± SE), mg/dL | 164.72 ± 0.59 | 174.04 ± 0.56 | 215.97 ± 0.81 | 228.93 ± 0.68 | <0.001 |
| RC, (mean ± SE), mg/dL | 15.06 ± 0.06 | 26.51 ± 0.19 | 16.74 ± 0.06 | 29.79 ± 0.17 | <0.001 |
| FBG, (mean ± SE), mmol/L | 5.35 ± 0.02 | 5.76 ± 0.05 | 5.47 ± 0.03 | 5.79 ± 0.03 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, (mean ± SE), % | 5.26 ± 0.01 | 5.45 ± 0.03 | 5.40 ± 0.02 | 5.55 ± 0.02 | <0.001 |
| eGFR, (mean ± SE), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 103.51 ± 0.48 | 100.25 ± 0.57 | 97.21 ± 0.53 | 94.86 ± 0.39 | <0.001 |
| ApoB, mg/dL † | 71.32 ± 0.43 | 83.83 ± 0.48 | 101.60 ± 0.68 | 117.00 ± 0.64 | <0.001 |
| Hs-CRP, mg/L ‡ | 3.37 ± 0.33 | 4.09 ± 0.35 | 3.37 ± 0.36 | 3.92 ± 0.33 | 0.273 |
apoB, apolipoprotein B; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RC, remnant cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol.
SI conversions: to convert LDL-C, HDL-C, Non-HDL-C, TC, and RC to mmol/L, multiply by 0.02586; to convert TG to mmol/L, multiply by 0.01129.
* The different concordant/discordant groups based on LDL-C 118 mg/dL and RC 20 mg/dL cut-points. All means and SEs for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables were weighted, with the exception of the number of participants.
† ApoB data only available in 2007-2016.
‡ hs-CRP data only available in 2015-2018.