Table 2.
Interacting partners of PITX1 and their effect on function.
| Protein interactor | Outcome | References |
|---|---|---|
| bHLH | The interaction between bHLH factors and PITX1 promotes insulin synthesis. | (124, 125) |
| BMP15 | PITX1 has been identified as a regulator of BMP15 expression by binding to its promoter region. | (74) |
| c-Abl | Under DNA damage drug treatment, c-Abl phosphorylates PITX1, promoting cell apoptosis. | (89) |
| DUX4 | The DUX4 protein interacts with the cis-elements in the PITX1 promoter region, promoting PITX1 expression in response to H2O2-induced oxidative stress. | (126) |
| E2F1 | E2F1 acts as a transcription factor by binding to the PITX1 promoter sequences 5’-GCGGCGGC-3’ and 5’-GCGGGAAG-3’, and promoting the expression of PITX1. | (2) |
| ERα | ERα (estrogen receptor α) and PITX1 directly interact with each other, and that PITX1 inhibits the function of ERα. | (31) |
| hCYP11B1 | Both PITX1 and SF-1 interact and bind to and promote expression in the hCYP11B1 promoter region in the cervical cancer cell line HeLa. | (127) |
| IRF3 and IRF7 | PITX1 binds to the promoter regions of IRF3 and IRF7, and inhibits their transcriptional activity. | (128) |
| LHβ | The activity of the LHβ promoter in transgenic mice is entirely dependent on the functional PITX1 regulatory element located in the proximal region of the promoter. | (129) |
| MTNR1A | PITX1 directly binds to the promoter region of MTNR1A, thereby promoting its expression and protecting kidney from injury. | (67) |
| P53 | PITX1 can interact with p53 and participate in regulating cell cycle progression, apoptosis | (23) |
| Pan1 | PITX1 collaborates with Pan1 on the insulin promoter in rats to enhance insulin secretion by transcriptional synergy. | (125) |
| PDCD5 | PITX1 induces apoptosis by targeting the promoter of the apoptotic gene PDCD5. | (38) |
| POMC | PITX1 collaborates with Tpit to bind to the promoter of POMC and promote POMC expression. | (130) |
| RASAL1 | PITX1 suppresses tumorigenesis by downregulating the oncogene RAS through RASAL1. | (24) |
| RHAU | The interaction between RHAU and PITX1 mRNA promotes the degradation of PITX1 mRNA. | (131) |
| RUNX1 | RUNX1 transcription is regulated by a distal promoter that is directly inhibited by PITX1 through their interaction, thus suppressing T cell development and promoting leukemia. | (43) |
| SF-1 | PITX1 can function as an effective ligand for SF-1 by regulating its activity in the gonadotropin pathway. | (80, 127) |
| Sirt1 | PITX1 regulates the expression of Sirt1 by mediating the activation of the Sirt1 gene promoter. | (117) |
| SOX2 | PITX1 interacts with SOX2 to promote squamous cell carcinoma maintenance of tumor stem cells, increasing tumor malignancy. | (36) |
| SOX9 | PITX1 binds to the promoter region of SOX9, promoting its transcription and thus suppressing the growth and proliferation of melanoma by inhibiting SOX10 and SAMMSON. | (120) |
| STAT3 | PITX1 directly interacts with STAT3, resulting in reduced STAT3 activity and consequent inhibition of the transcriptional activation of LINC00662. | (71) |
| ZCCHC10 | The CCHC domain of ZCCHC10 interacts with the homologous domain of PITX1 to suppress the transcription of telomerase reverse transcriptase hTERT. | (69) |