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. 2023 Oct 12;141(11):1068–1072. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.4475

Table 1. Caregiver-Reported Vision Testing Within the Previous 12 Months for US Adolescents in Any Setting.

Variable Overall participants, No. (N = 24 752) Participants with vision tested within previous 12 mo, unweighted No. (weighted %)a OR (95% CI)b P value
No (n = 6131) Yes (n = 18 621)
Sex
Female 11 834 2655 (24) 9179 (76) 1 [Reference] NA
Male 12 918 3476 (27) 9442 (73) 0.96 (0.94-0.99) .006
Race and ethnicityc,d
Hispanic 2821 708 (27) 2113 (73) 0.99 (0.95-1.03) .60
Non-Hispanic Asian 1211 278 (28) 933 (72) 0.99 (0.93-1.04) .62
Non-Hispanic Black 1633 379 (23) 1254 (77) 1.03 (0.99-1.07) .10
Non-Hispanic White 17 463 4394 (26) 13 069 (74) 1 [Reference] NA
Othere 1624 372 (21) 1252 (79) 1.05 (1.00-1.09) .04
Type of insurancef
Private 17 850 4197 (24) 13 653 (76) 1 [Reference] NA
Public 5245 1321 (24) 3924 (76) 1.00 (0.97-1.03) .94
Uninsured 1237 490 (45) 747 (55) 0.81 (0.76-0.87) <.001
Highest level of education among caregiversd
More than high school 20 544 4869 (24) 15 675 (76) 1 [Reference] NA
High school 3475 1004 (27) 2471 (73) 0.96 (0.93-0.99) .01
Less than high school 733 258 (35) 475 (65) 0.89 (0.84-0.95) <.001
Household income, % of FPLd
>400 10 069 2261 (23) 7808 (77) 1 [Reference] NA
300-399 4044 982 (24) 3062 (76) 1.00 (0.97-1.03) .96
200-299 4140 1098 (27) 3042 (73) 0.96 (0.92-1.00) .03
100-199 4163 1143 (28) 3020 (72) 0.95 (0.92-0.99) .02
0-99 2336 647 (27) 1689 (73) 0.97 (0.93-1.01) .11
Household generationg
Child and all parents born in US 19 257 4680 (24) 14 577 (76) 1 [Reference] NA
Child born in US and ≥1 parent born outside US 3398 800 (28) 2598 (72) 0.96 (0.92-1.00) .03
Child born in US and parent birth location not listed 1258 394 (33) 864 (67) 0.90 (0.84-0.97) .004
Child and parents born outside US 518 166 (35) 352 (65) 0.90 (0.82-0.98) .01
Household primary languageh
English 23 190 5679 (25) 17 511 (75) 1 [Reference] NA
Spanish 801 224 (31) 577 (69) 0.94 (0.88-1.00) .05
Other 642 200 (37) 442 (63) 0.88 (0.82-0.96) .002

Abbreviations: FPL, federal poverty level; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.

a

Survey-weighted percentages.

b

OR of reported vision test, adjusted for age and sex.

c

Caregiver-reported race and ethnicity.

d

The National Survey of Children’s Health provides imputed data files for the missing values in race and ethnicity, caregiver education, and household income that were calculated using sequential regression imputation methods.

e

Other included American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and multiple races.

f

Data were missing for 420 participants.

g

Data were missing for 321 participants.

h

Data were missing for 119 participants.

HHS Vulnerability Disclosure