Table 1. Caregiver-Reported Vision Testing Within the Previous 12 Months for US Adolescents in Any Setting.
Variable | Overall participants, No. (N = 24 752) | Participants with vision tested within previous 12 mo, unweighted No. (weighted %)a | OR (95% CI)b | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 6131) | Yes (n = 18 621) | ||||
Sex | |||||
Female | 11 834 | 2655 (24) | 9179 (76) | 1 [Reference] | NA |
Male | 12 918 | 3476 (27) | 9442 (73) | 0.96 (0.94-0.99) | .006 |
Race and ethnicityc,d | |||||
Hispanic | 2821 | 708 (27) | 2113 (73) | 0.99 (0.95-1.03) | .60 |
Non-Hispanic Asian | 1211 | 278 (28) | 933 (72) | 0.99 (0.93-1.04) | .62 |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1633 | 379 (23) | 1254 (77) | 1.03 (0.99-1.07) | .10 |
Non-Hispanic White | 17 463 | 4394 (26) | 13 069 (74) | 1 [Reference] | NA |
Othere | 1624 | 372 (21) | 1252 (79) | 1.05 (1.00-1.09) | .04 |
Type of insurancef | |||||
Private | 17 850 | 4197 (24) | 13 653 (76) | 1 [Reference] | NA |
Public | 5245 | 1321 (24) | 3924 (76) | 1.00 (0.97-1.03) | .94 |
Uninsured | 1237 | 490 (45) | 747 (55) | 0.81 (0.76-0.87) | <.001 |
Highest level of education among caregiversd | |||||
More than high school | 20 544 | 4869 (24) | 15 675 (76) | 1 [Reference] | NA |
High school | 3475 | 1004 (27) | 2471 (73) | 0.96 (0.93-0.99) | .01 |
Less than high school | 733 | 258 (35) | 475 (65) | 0.89 (0.84-0.95) | <.001 |
Household income, % of FPLd | |||||
>400 | 10 069 | 2261 (23) | 7808 (77) | 1 [Reference] | NA |
300-399 | 4044 | 982 (24) | 3062 (76) | 1.00 (0.97-1.03) | .96 |
200-299 | 4140 | 1098 (27) | 3042 (73) | 0.96 (0.92-1.00) | .03 |
100-199 | 4163 | 1143 (28) | 3020 (72) | 0.95 (0.92-0.99) | .02 |
0-99 | 2336 | 647 (27) | 1689 (73) | 0.97 (0.93-1.01) | .11 |
Household generationg | |||||
Child and all parents born in US | 19 257 | 4680 (24) | 14 577 (76) | 1 [Reference] | NA |
Child born in US and ≥1 parent born outside US | 3398 | 800 (28) | 2598 (72) | 0.96 (0.92-1.00) | .03 |
Child born in US and parent birth location not listed | 1258 | 394 (33) | 864 (67) | 0.90 (0.84-0.97) | .004 |
Child and parents born outside US | 518 | 166 (35) | 352 (65) | 0.90 (0.82-0.98) | .01 |
Household primary languageh | |||||
English | 23 190 | 5679 (25) | 17 511 (75) | 1 [Reference] | NA |
Spanish | 801 | 224 (31) | 577 (69) | 0.94 (0.88-1.00) | .05 |
Other | 642 | 200 (37) | 442 (63) | 0.88 (0.82-0.96) | .002 |
Abbreviations: FPL, federal poverty level; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.
Survey-weighted percentages.
OR of reported vision test, adjusted for age and sex.
Caregiver-reported race and ethnicity.
The National Survey of Children’s Health provides imputed data files for the missing values in race and ethnicity, caregiver education, and household income that were calculated using sequential regression imputation methods.
Other included American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and multiple races.
Data were missing for 420 participants.
Data were missing for 321 participants.
Data were missing for 119 participants.