Table 1. Patient Characteristics.
| REBOA and standard care (n = 46) | Standard care alone (n = 44) | |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 46 (33-62) | 39 (30-56) |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||
| Female | 18 (39) | 10 (23) |
| Male | 28 (61) | 34 (77) |
| Mechanism of injury, No. (%) | ||
| Blunt | 44 (96) | 43 (98) |
| Penetrating | 2 (4) | 1 (2) |
| Patient prehospital characteristics | ||
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | ||
| Median (IQR) | 85 (66-120) [n = 34] | 97 (71-128) [n = 37] |
| ≤70, No./total (%) | 11/34 (32) | 9/37 (24) |
| ≤90, No./total (%) | 18/34 (53) | 17/37 (46) |
| Heart rate, median (IQR), beats/min | 113 (94-133) [n = 42] | 109 (76-133) [n = 40] |
| Oxygen saturation, median (IQR), % | 88 (80-95) [n = 32] | 92 (81-98) [n = 43] |
| Glasgow Coma Scale score, median (IQR)a | 10 (3-14) [n = 42] | 10 (3-14) [n = 42] |
| CPR performed, No./total (%) | 10/43 (22) | 11/44 (25) |
| Method of transport, No./total (%) | ||
| Ambulance | 22/45 (49) | 19/43 (43) |
| Helicopter | 17/45 (38) | 21/43 (49) |
| Ambulance and helicopter | 6/45 (13) | 3/43 (7) |
| Patient characteristics in ED | ||
| Time from injury to ED arrival, median (IQR), min | 90 (70-125) [n = 39] | 97 (78-119) [n = 41] |
| Time from ED arrival to randomization, median (IQR), minb | 13 (4-21) [n = 39] | 13 (4-19) [n = 41] |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | ||
| Median (IQR) | 84 (58-115) [n = 44] | 99 (72-115) [n = 42] |
| ≤70, No./total (%) | 18/44 (41) | 9/42 (21) |
| ≤90, No./total (%) | 26/44 (59) | 19/42 (45) |
| Heart rate, median (IQR), beats/min | 105 (88-123) [n = 45] | 120 (87-135) [n = 43] |
| Oxygen saturation, median (IQR), % | 99 (90-100) [n = 39] | 99 (95-100) [n = 40] |
| Glasgow Coma Scale score, median (IQR) | 3 (3-11) [n = 39] | 3 (3-15) [n = 39] |
| CPR performed, No./total (%) | 4/40 (9) | 4/43 (9) |
| Injury Severity Scorec | ||
| Median (IQR) | 41 (29-50) | 41 (29-50) |
| >25 (very severe), No. (%) | 38 (83) | 38 (86) |
| 16-25 (severe), No. (%) | 7 (15) | 4 (9) |
| 9-15 (moderate), No. (%) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) |
| 1-8 (mild), No. (%) | 0 | 1 (2) |
| Abbreviated Injury Scale score, median (IQR)d | ||
| Head | 3 (0-4) | 0 (0-5) |
| Thorax | 4 (3-4) | 4 (1-4) |
| Abdomen | 2 (0-3) | 2 (0-4) |
| Pelvis | 2 (0-5) | 2 (0-5) |
| Limbs | 2 (2-3) | 3 (2-3) |
Abbreviations: CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ED, emergency department; REBOA, resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta.
Score range is 3 (patient does not respond to any stimuli, including pain) to 15 (normal level of consciousness).
Three patients in the REBOA and standard care group and 5 patients in the standard care alone group were randomized before ED arrival and were given a time of 0 minutes.
A global anatomical scoring system that provides a measure of trauma severity with a score range from 0 (no injury) to 75 (maximal injury). This score is calculated by summing the squares of the 3 worst-injured body regions (indicated by the highest Abbreviated Injury Scale score). An Abbreviated Injury Scale score of 6 for any body region automatically results in an Injury Severity Score of 75.
An anatomically based, consensus-derived severity scoring system that classifies an individual injury by body region according to severity with a score range from 0 (no injury) to 6 (maximal injury). A score of 1 reflects a minor injury.