Fig. 4.

Crude snake venoms show antagonism on nAChRs expressed in TE671 cells. Serial dilutions of crude venom (66.7 – 0.00067 µg/mL) extracted from neurotoxic elapid snake species with geographical distributions covering different regions of the African continent were pre-incubated with TE671 cells for 15 min followed by the addition of 10 µM ACh to create concentration-inhibition plots for each venom (outer ring). Each data point represents the mean (±SD) of three independent experiments (n = 3). To the top right of each plot on the outer ring are maps of the African continent highlighting in red the geographical distribution of each species. Maps were generated using QGIS, based on the 2019 International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. The central plot compares the IC₅₀ values (±95% CI) obtained from mamba (purple) and cobra (orange) venoms and IC₅₀ values are displayed above images of snakes inset to the bottom left of each plot.