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. 2023 Sep 25;123(19):11488–11558. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00290

Table 6. Powering Systems.

  Power or energy density Operation lifetime Advantage/Disadvantage Reference
WPT 1 μW cm–2 High output power, heating issue (307)
BFC 3.5 μW cm–2 20 h Fuels from body, limited lifetime (308)
Supercapacitor 333 μWh cm–2 80% after 10000 cycles Cycling stability, high energy density, lower energy density (309)
Solar cells 1.24 μW cm–2 Power generation from ambient light, stability issue (310)
Flexible battery 71.42 μWh cm–2 11.7 h High energy density, limited operation lifetime (306)