Table 5.
Mental health, psychoactive drug use, and violence history comparisons between AAS users and non-users.
| Lifetime mental health diagnosis | Mental health diagnosis, past 12 months | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AAS usersa | Non-users | p | AAS usersb | Non-users | p | |
| Mental health diagnosisc | ||||||
| Anxiety | 27.3 | 35.5 | 0.340 | 17.4 | 19.1 | 1.000 |
| Bipolar | 4.6 | 2.2 | 0.252 | 4.4 | 1.1 | 0.229 |
| Depression | 25 | 30.3 | 0.511 | 13.0 | 15.7 | 1.000 |
| Neurodevelopmental disorder or intellectual disability | 15.9 | 13.5 | 0.655 | 0.0 | 7.4 | 0.407 |
| OCD | 4.6 | 6.6 | 1.000 | 4.4 | 3.3 | 0.545 |
| Personality disorder | 4.6 | 2.5 | 0.311 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 1.000 |
| Psychosis | 4.6 | 0.7 | 0.039 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.000 |
| Substance use disorder | 4.6 | 1.9 | 0.211 | 4.4 | 1.0 | 0.209 |
| Trauma and stressor related disorders | 6.8 | 8.3 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 4.7 | 0.623 |
| Don’t know | 11.4 | 5.4 | 0.088 | 0.0 | 4.9 | 0.626 |
| Lifetime eating disorder diagnosis | Current eating disorder diagnosis | |||||
| Eating disorder diagnosisc | AAS usersa | Non-users | p | AAS usersb | Non-users | p |
| Anorexia | 2.3 | 7.6 | 0.253 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 1.000 |
| AFRID | 0.0 | 1.4 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 1.000 |
| BED | 0.0 | 1.8 | 1.000 | 4.4 | 1.0 | 0.202 |
| Bulimia | 0.0 | 2.9 | 0.637 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 1.000 |
| OSFED | 0.0 | 1.5 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 1.000 |
| Pica | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.016 | 4.4 | 0.0 | 0.008 |
| Rumination | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.000 |
| UFED | 0.0 | 0.7 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 1.000 |
| Not sure | 2.3 | 0.6 | 0.239 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 1.000 |
| Psychoactive drug use, past 12 months | ||||||
| Psychoactive drug use | - | - | - | AAS usersb | Non-users | p |
| Marijuana | - | - | - | 82.6 | 55.5 | 0.010 |
| Cocaine | - | - | - | 26.1 | 7.9 | 0.008 |
| Opioids | - | - | - | 4.4 | 2.8 | 0.482 |
| Benzodiazepines | - | - | - | 4.4 | 2.8 | 0.482 |
| Methamphetamines | - | - | - | 0.0 | 0.5 | 1.000 |
| Other stimulants (i.e., Ritalin, Adderall) | - | - | - | 30.4 | 5.1 | < 0.001 |
| MDMA | - | - | - | 17.4 | 5.3 | 0.032 |
| Ketamine | - | - | - | 4.4 | 1.6 | 0.309 |
| LSD | - | - | - | 0.0 | 4.6 | 0.623 |
| Psilocybin | - | - | - | 39.1 | 15.3 | 0.005 |
| Kratom | - | - | - | 0.0 | 0.7 | 1.000 |
| Other drugs without prescription | - | - | - | 0.0 | 2.4 | 1.000 |
| Violence history, past 12 months | ||||||
| Violence history | - | - | - | AAS usersb | Non-users | p |
| Raped | - | - | - | 4.4 | 3.1 | 0.521 |
| Sexually assaulted | - | - | - | 8.7 | 8.0 | 0.705 |
| Physically abused | - | - | - | 21.7 | 7.5 | 0.027 |
| Emotionally abused | - | - | - | 34.8 | 26.9 | 0.478 |
| Perpetrated physical violence | - | - | - | 4.6 | 5.0 | 1.000 |
Boldface indicates statistical significance at p < 0.05. Differences between groups determined using Fisher’s exact test.
a
Lifetime AAS use.
b
AAS use, past 12 months.
c
Self-reported diagnosis by a health professional.
AAS = Anabolic-androgenic steroids; OCD = Obsessive-compulsive disorder; ARFID = Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder; OSFED = Other specified feeding and eating disorder; UFED = Unspecified feeding or eating disorder