Table 2.

Summary of the risk factors and prognosis in the published literature.

Study/Author(s)	Cohort	Risk Factors for Mortality, Prognosis, Other Findings
Grosu et al. [58]	Retrospective Patients with solid organ tumors and mild hemoptysis N = 112	Upon multivariate analysis, factors independently associated with improved survival had higher hemoglobin values (HR 0.78; 95% CI, 0.67–0.91) and cessation of hemoptysis without recurrence at 48 h (HR 0.43; 95% CI 0.22–0.84). Variables independently associated with worse survival were disease stage (HR 10.8; 95% CI, 2.53–46.08) and active bleeding with endobronchial lesion (HR 3.20; 95% CI 1.74–5.89).
Fartoukh et al. [3]	Retrospective Consecutive patients admitted to ICU with hemoptysis N = 1087	Independent predictors of mortality were mechanical ventilation at the time of referral, cancer diagnosis, aspergillosis, chronic alcoholism, pulmonary artery involvement and infiltrates involving two or more quadrants upon admission. A model-based score for prognosis was developed that assigned 1 point for chronic alcoholism, pulmonary artery involvement and radiographic patterns and 2 points for cancer, aspergillosis and mechanical ventilation.
Hirshberg et al., Vanni et al., Soares et al., and Uzun et al. [6,62,63,64]	Analytical cohort studies	Malignancy was a leading cause of hemoptysis, with a decrease in mortality related to bronchiectasis, lower respiratory tract infections and other less frequent causes.
Uzun et al. and Tsoumakidou et al. [64,65]	Analytical cohort studies	Malignancy was a leading underlying cause of hemoptysis with mortality rates ranging from 19.5% to 22%.
Soares et al., Petersen et al., and Abdulmalak et al. [60,61,62]	Analytical cohort studies	Lung cancer was the primary cause. Reported mortality rates varied significantly, ranging from 5.9% to 27%.
Petersen et al. [60]	Retrospective Consecutive patients with no malignancy suspected on chest CT N = 609	Predictors of mortality were advanced age, a previous lung cancer diagnosis, a current or previous smoking history, and concurrent lung diseases.
Mondoni et al. [59,66]	2019 study: secondary analysis of an observational multicenter study N = 486 2021 study: prospective multicenter study N = 606	Recurrences indicated previously undetected pathological findings, as there was a recurrence of hemoptysis in 7 patients, of whom 3 were found to have lung cancer upon further investigation. Pulmonary neoplasms were the primary cause of death, and the overall mortality rate was 13.7%.
Tsoumakidou et al. [65]	Prospective cohort N = 184	No patients initially diagnosed with an etiology other than lung cancer were found to have lung cancer upon further investigation.
Abdulmalak et al. [61]	A 5-year retrospective cohort study N = 81,572	An initial diagnosis of respiratory infection with highest lung cancer detection rate (10.4%) during the follow-up, and lung cancer was the cause in 17.4% of patients.
Majhail et al. [67]	Prospective data review of patients who had hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) with alveolar hemorrhage N = 116	Advanced age, utilization of an allogeneic donor source, administration of a myeloablative conditioning regimen and the occurrence of acute severe graft-versus-host-disease were identified as independent predictors associated with a heightened risk of alveolar hemorrhage following HSCT. The probability of 60-day survival from the onset of hemorrhage was determined to be 16% in the diffuse alveolar hemorrhage group and 32% for the idiopathic alveolar hemorrhage group. With the exception of 20 patients, all individuals in this study received a standard regimen of high-dose corticosteroids; among the patients who received corticosteroids, the 60-day survival rate was found to be 26%, while those who did not receive corticosteroids exhibited a 60-day survival rate of 25%.

HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CT, computed tomography.