Figure 1.

Breast bacterial community composition varies by patient BC status and normal adjacent tumor (NAT) and tumor tissue types. (A) Violin plots show median and interquartile range in bacterial alpha diversity as measured by Shannon and Simpson diversity indices within (tumor and NAT) breast tissue from Ethiopian BC patients. p-values were obtained from Kruskal–Wallis tests. (B) Principal coordinates (PC) plots show the clustering pattern of tumor and NAT based on unweighted UniFrac distance and are colored by sample types (red circles—NAT, teal—Tumor samples); p = 0.049 and R² = 0.664. (C) Taxonomic composition of the breast microbiome depicted as proportional abundances at the genus level for NAT and corresponding tumor tissue of the same donor. (D) Venn diagram showing the unique and shared bacterial genera between the tumor and normal groups.