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(A) The GO surface is rich in a large number of oxygen-containing functional groups that adsorb methylene blue, and protein A was adsorbed by chitosan. The influenza virus was detected by a protein A-linked influenza virus antibody. (B) After the electro polymerization of pyrrole on the surface of the gold electrode, biotin was covalently bound, and streptavidin was used as a bond to adsorb the biotin-labeled antibody. (Created with BioRender.com, accessed on 17 September 2023).
