Table 2.

Studies about EUS-guided non-thermal injection techniques for solid pancreatic neoplasms.

Author, Year	Study Type	Disease	No. of Patients and Groups	EUS-Guided Injectable Agents	Type of Therapy	Clinical Success	Adverse Reactions (AEs)	Reference
Deprez 2008	Case report	F-pNEN	1	Ethanol volume 3.5 mL	Ethanol injection	100%	Duodena hematoma and bleeding (1)	[40]
Levy 2012	Case series	F-pNEN	5	Ethanol volume 0.8 mL	Ethanol injection	5/5 (100%)	None	[41]
Choi 2018	Prospective	NF-pNENs F-pNEN	32 1	Ethanol volume 1.1 mL	Ethanol injection	24/40 (60%)	Acute pancreatitis (2) with PD stricture (1)	[42]
Choi 2023	Retrospective	NF-pNENs F-pNENs	40 7	Ethanol dose > 0.35 mL/cm3	Ethanol injection	8 cases of complete response	Acute pancreatitis (11), pancreatic enzyme elevation (4), duodenal stricture (1).	[43]
Chang 2000	Phase I	Unresectable PDAC	8, single arm	Allogeneic mixed lymphocyte culture	Immunotherapy	Partial remission 25%, minor response 12.5%	Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) 0	[44]
Irisawa 2007	Pilot clinical study	Unresectable PDAC refractory to gemcitabine	7, single arm	Dendritic cells (DCs)	Immunotherapy	Mixed response 28.6%, stable disease 28.6%	None	[45]
Hirooka et al., 2009	Phase I	Locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC)	5, single arm	OK-432-pulsed DCs	Immunotherapy	Effective response 60% (partial remission 20%, stable disease 40%)	4 patients with Grade 3 AEs, 1 patient with Grade 1 AEs	[46]
Hirooka et al., 2017	Phase I/II	LAPC	15, single arm	Zoledronate-pulsed DCs	Immunotherapy	Stable disease 46.7%	DLT 0 (grade 3 AEs: 4)	[47]
Levy et al., 2017	Prospective, not randomized	Unresectable PDAC	36, single arm	Gemcitabine	Chemotherapy	Partial response 25%, stable disease 57%	None	[48]
Hanna et al., 2012	Phase I/II	Unresectable PDAC	9, two cohorts	BC-819 DNA plasmid	Genic Therapy	Partial response in 3 patients	Asymptomatic elevation of lipase (1)	[49]
Buscail et al., 2015	Phase I	LAPC	22	Complexed plasmid/CYL-02 + gemcitabine	Genic Therapy	Stable disease in 12 patients	None	[50]
Golan et al., 2015	Phase I/II	LAPC	15	Intratumoral placement of SiG12-LODER + gemcitabine	Genic therapy	Partial response in 2 patients; stable disease in 10 patients	Mild side effects (Grades 1 and 2) in 90% of cases	[51]
Hecht et al., 2003	Phase I/II	Unresectable without liver metastasis	21, single arm	ONYX-015	Viral therapy	Partial response 10%, stable disease 38%	8 patients with AEs (4 due to viral therapy, 4 due to injection technique)	[52]
Hecht et al., 2012	Phase I/II	LAPC	50, single arm	TNFerade biologic	Viral therapy	Complete response 2%, partial response 6%, minor response 8%, stable disease 24%	DLT 3	[53]
Herman et al., 2013	Randomized Phase III	LAPC	304, two arms	TNFerade biologic	Viral therapy	No difference	No difference in Grade 3 or 4 AEs	[54]
Sun et al., 2006	Pilot trial	Unresectable PDAC	15, single arm	Iodine-125	Brachytherapy	Partial response 27%, minimal response 20%, and disease stabilization 33%	AEs 6	[55]
Jin et al., 2008	Prospective pilot study	Unresectable PDAC	22, single arm	Iodine-125	Brachytherapy	3 cases of partial remission, 10 cases of stable disease	None	[56]
Bhutani et al., 2019	Case report	Unresectable PDAC	1	Phosphorous-32 (32P) microparticles	Brachytherapy	Reduction of 58% of tumor volume at week 16	None	[57]
Naidu 2021	Pilot study	LPAC	12, single arm	Phosphorous-32 (32P) microparticles	Brachytherapy	Median reduction in tumor volume was 8.2 cm3, tumor downstaging in 6 patients, resection in 5 (R0 in 4 patients).	None	[58]
Ross et al., 2022	Pilot study	Unresectable LPAC	42, single arm	Phosphorous-32 (32P) microparticles	Brachytherapy	Local disease control rate was 97.3%	AEs 41 in 16 patients treated (including 8 grade 3 AEs in 3 patients)	[59]