Table 2.
Effects of NDO inclusion in the diets of sows and pigs at different stages of the life cycle on measures of GIT health and performance.
| NDO | Animal | Inclusion Rate * | Effect on GIT Microbiota | Other Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chito- oligosaccharides |
Sows | 30 g/ton | Not recorded. | Improved amino acid concentration in milk. Improved ADG and weaning weight of offspring. Reduced offspring hypoglycemia by stimulating hepatic gluconeogenesis. | [87] |
| Chito- oligosaccharides |
Sows | 30 g/ton | Not recorded. | Increased IgM in colostrum. Increased IgG and IL-10 in serum of offspring at weaning. | [88] |
| Fructo- oligosaccharide |
Sows | 1,500 g/ton | Not recorded. | Increased SCFA concentration in offspring feces during lactation and after weaning. Increased cecal goblet cell number and improved ileal cytokine secretions. | [89] |
| Galacto-oligosaccharide | Sows | 10 g/day | Increased the abundance of Alloprevotella and Ruminoclostridium_1 in sow feces and vertically increased fecal Alloprevotella and Ruminoclostridium_1 in offspring feces. | Improved intestinal barriers, immune defense and ADG of offspring. | [90] |
| Mannan-oligosaccharide | Sows | 400 g/ton | Not recorded. | Shortened wean to service interval. Improved growth performance and immunity in offspring. | [91] |
| Mannan-oligosaccharide | Sows | 400 g/ton | No change. | Reduced inflammation marker expression and improved immune competence in offspring. | [92] |
| Chito- oligosaccharides |
Weaned pigs | 100/200/400 g/ton | All inclusion rates increased Lactobacillus counts in feces D14 and D21 PW. 200mg/kg COS decreased Escherichia coli counts in feces at D21 PW. | 100 and 200 g/ton increased overall ADG, ADFI and G:F. All inclusion rates decreased incidence of diarrhea and diarrhea scores. 100 g/ton COS increased villus height in ileum and 200 g/ton COS increased villus height and villus height: crypt depth ratio in jejunum and ileum. | [93] |
| Chito- Oligosaccharides * Varying molecular weights |
Weaned pigs | 250 g/ton | The use of 5–10 and 10–50 kDa COS increased lactic acid bacteria populations in feces. Using 50–100 kDa COS decreased lactic acid bacteria populations in feces. Using 5–10, 10–50 and 50–100 kDa COS decreased Escherichia coli populations in feces. | Improved ADG and G:F D18-33 PW. Improved fecal scores D0-14 PW. Using 5–10 and 10–50 kDa COS increased nutrient digestibility of diets. | [94] |
| Chito- oligosaccharides |
Weaned pigs | 75/150/225 g/ton | Not recorded. | 150 g/ton increased digestibility on D28 and D56 PW, increased villus height and villus height: crypt depth ratio on D28 and increased active cell division on D56 PW. | [95] |
| Fructo- oligosaccharide |
Weaned pigs | 40,000 g/ton | No change in fecal bacterial populations. Increase in fecal population of yeast. | Decreased fecal pH and increased organic acid concentration. | [96] |
| Fructo- oligosaccharide |
Weaned pigs | 2,500 g/ton | Reduced Escherichia coli and increased populations of Bacillus and Bifidobacterium in cecal digesta. | Improved ADG, apparent digestibility of crude protein, villus height in duodenum and expression of tight junction genes. Increased SCFA in cecal digesta. Decreased diarrhea incidence. | [97] |
| Galacto-oligosaccharide | Weaned pigs | 500/1,000/1,500/2,000 g/ton | Increased the number of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria and decreased Escherichia coli in the feces in a linear or quadratic dose-dependent manner. | Improved growth performance in a linear or quadratic dose-dependent manner. Decreased serum pro-inflammatory cytokines in a quadratic dose-dependent manner and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines in a linear or quadratic dose-dependent manner. Promoted serum antioxidant activities in a linear or quadratic dose-dependent manner. | [81] |
| Lactulose | Weaned pigs | 1,000/2,000 g/ton | Both inclusion rates increased Lactobacillus and reduced Escherichia coli fecal counts. | Both inclusion rates increased overall ADG and G:F but did not affect ADFI. Both inclusion rates improved nitrogen digestibility and gross energy. | [98] |
| Mannan-oligosaccharide | Weaned pigs | 1,000 g/ton | Not recorded. | Improved growth and nutrient digestibility. Reduced diarrhea. |
[99] |
| Xylo- oligosaccharide 1 |
Weaned pigs | 10,000 g/ton | Increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the ileal digesta. | Reduced diarrhea. Increased ileal villus height and intestinal activity of antioxidizes. Reduced ileal and colonic content of IL-6 and increased colonic sIgA and IL-10 concentrations. | [100] |
ADG: average daily gain; IgM: immunoglobulin M; IgG: immunoglobulin G; IL: interleukin; SCFA: short-chain fatty acid; COS: chito-oligosaccharides; ADFI: average daily feed intake; G:F gain to feed; PW: post-weaning; kDa: kilodalton; sIgA: secretory immunoglobulin A; XOS: xylo-oligosaccharide. 1 Higher inclusion rate means its mode of action could be both prebiotic and stimbiotic. * Inclusion rate detailed in reference to complete feed, unless otherwise stated.