. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 13.

Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2021 Sep 22;117(3):646–655. doi: 10.1111/add.15659

TABLE 2.

Determinant factors of cause-specific deaths by calendar period in ALIVE, 1988–2018

Time-period	Factors^a	HIV and infectious deaths		Chronic disease deaths		Drug and violence deaths
Time-period	Factors^a	sHR	95% CI	sHR	95% CI	sHR	95% CI

1988–97	Female	1.13	0.85–1.50	0.79	0.52–1.22	0.75	0.47–1.18
	Black	1.23	0.65–2.32	0.52	0.34–0.81	0.48	0.28–0.77
	Age^b	0.96	0.86–1.07	1.28	1.16–1.42	0.92	0.79–1.07
	High school education	1.14	0.89–1.45	1.08	0.79–1.46	0.65	0.45–0.94
	Active injecting	0.95	0.74–1.21	1.11	0.81–1.51	1.46	0.98–2.18
	HIV seropositive	17.0	10.9–26.5	0.53	0.37–0.75	0.87	0.60–1.25
	HCV seropositive	0.80	0.40–1.58	1.52	0.79–2.94	1.59	0.71–3.57
1998–2005	Female	0.89	0.64–1.23	1.10	0.75–1.61	0.73	0.47–1.13
	Black	1.48	0.65–3.39	0.96	0.47–1.96	0.38	0.21–0.68
	Age^b	1.04	0.93–1.16	1.39	1.24–1.56	0.91	0.78–1.06
	High school education	0.98	0.73–1.30	1.08	0.77–1.51	0.96	0.66–1.39
	Active injecting	0.96	0.72–1.27	1.20	0.85–1.70	2.05	1.41–2.96
	HIV seropositive	16.3	10.1–26.4	0.96	0.67–1.38	1.41	0.97–2.04
	HCV seropositive	2.09	0.77–5.64	1.05	0.54–2.05	1.08	0.54–2.17
2006–18	Female	1.82	1.14–2.30	1.09	0.82–1.44	0.56	0.39–0.81
	Black	2.59	1.11–6.08	1.06	0.66–1.70	0.62	0.41–0.94
	Age^b	1.02	0.90–1.16	1.40	1.28–1.54	0.97	0.88–1.07
	High school education	0.91	0.64–1.30	0.82	0.90–1.56	1.28	0.95–1.74
	Active injecting	1.79	1.26–2.54	1.18	0.89–1.58	2.13	1.55–2.93
	HIV seropositive	8.18	5.33–12.6	1.19	0.90–1.56	1.54	1.11–2.14
	HCV seropositive	2.34	1.26–2.54	1.48	0.92–2.36	1.39	1.55–2.93

Bold type indicates statistically significant results (P < 0.05).

Sex, race (black versus other) and high school education was assessed at baseline. Age, active injecting and HIV serostatus were assessed at every visit. HCV serostatus was assessed at baseline and periodically during follow-up. Total percentage of missingness in time-varying covariates was < 3%.

Per 5 years increase in age.

sHR, sub-distribution hazard ratios, sHR were estimated based on multivariables competing-risk regression based on Fine and Gray’s proportional subhazard model. ALIVE = AIDS Linked to the Intravenous Experience study; HCV = hepatitis C virus; sHR = subdistribution hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval.