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. 2023 Oct 7;12(19):2416. doi: 10.3390/cells12192416

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Antioxidant activity analysis of the calcein-modified CeO₂ NPs. Intracellular calcein fluorescence in MNNG/Hos cells after 24 h of incubation with the calcein-modified CeO₂ NPs before (a), immediately after (b), and 1 h after (c) H₂O₂ addition. H₂O₂-induced calcein fluorescence enhancement in MNNG/Hos cells after 24 h of preincubation with calcein-modified CeO₂ NPs (d). Fluorescence enhancement data are given as a percentage of the fluorescence of the cells treated with H₂O₂ compared to cells not treated with H₂O₂. Fluorescence intensity was measured over 3 h of incubation. The proposed interaction scheme of the calcein-modified CeO₂ NPs with H₂O₂ accompanied by the release of calcein with the restoration of its fluorescence (e).