Table 1.
Effects of some polyphenols on in vivo IBD models.
| Polyphenol | Animal Model | Anti-Inflammatory Effects | Colitis-Inducer | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acacetin (5,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone) | Mouse | It downregulates mRNA and protein expression of important pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α), as well as enzymes like COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) | Dextran Sulphate Sodium (DSS) |
Ren J et al., 2020 [73] |
| Oleuropein | Rat | It has both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects because it prevents the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which lowers the levels of ROS in ulcers | Intrarectal Acetic Acid 4% | Motawea M. H. et al., 2020 [74] |
| Hydroxytyrosol | Rat | It significantly lowers colon malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and nitric oxide (NO) levels while significantly increases superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) levels. It also downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in colon tissue |
Intrarectal Acetic Acid 4% | Elmaksoud H. A. A. et al., 2021 [75] |
| Ellagic acid | Rat | It lowers colitis severity, by reducing colonic MPO activity. This effect is more potent when ellagic acid is contained in microspheres | DSS 3% | Ogawa Y. et al., 2002 [76] |
| Rutine (3-O-rhamnosyl-glucosyl-quercetin) | Rat | It lowers colitis severity and colonic MPO activity, with a dose-dependent effect | Rectally Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid (TNBS) 15 mg | Kim H. et al., 2005 [77] |
| Epigallocatechin-3-gallate | Rat | It lowers colitis severity by reducing colonic MPO activity and enhancing SOD activity | TNBS 24 mg | Rat Mochizuki M. et al., 2010 [78] |
| Curcumin | Mouse | It lowers colitis severity by reducing colonic CD4+ T-cell infiltration and NF-κB activation and decreasing colonic IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α mRNA expression | TNBS 2.5 mg | Sugimotoet K. et al., 2002 [79] |
| Curcumin | Mouse | It lowers colitis severity by reducing colonic MPO activity and IL-1β level and suppressing NF-κB and p38 MAPK activation | Dinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid (DNBS) 6 mg | Salh B. et al., 2003 [80] |
| Curcumin | Rat | It lowers colitis severity by suppressing NF-κB activation, blocking IκB degradation, and reducing IL-1β mRNA expression | TNBS 50 mg | Jian Y. T. et al., 2005 [81] |
| Curcumin | Human | It lowers colitis severity by improving both clinical activity index (CAI) and endoscopic index (EI) | Non stimulated |
Hanai H. et al., 2006 [65] |