Table 2.

Cardiovascular system research of electronic cigarette harms including the title, type of review, first author, reference number in the manuscript, journal and year, and a brief summary of the review’s significant findings (N = 22).

Title	Review Type	Authors	Journal/Year	Significance of Finding
“E-Cigarettes and Cardiopulmonary Health.”	Narrative Review	Tarran, R. et al. [14]	Function. 2021	“This report is prepared for clinicians, researchers, and other health care providers to provide the current state of knowledge on how e-cigarette use might affect cardiopulmonary health, along with research gaps to be addressed in future studies.”
“A Novel Role for Vaping in Mitochondrial Gene Dysregulation and Inflammation Fundamental to Disease Development.”	Narrative Review	Tommasi, S. et al. [19]	Sci. Rep. 2021	The authors’ “findings accord with the growing evidence on the central role of mitochondria as signaling organelles involved in immunity and inflammatory response, which are fundamental to disease development.”
“The Cardiovascular Effects of Electronic Cigarettes.”	Narrative Review	Khadka, S. et al. [38]	Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2021	“Despite a gap in clinical studies and randomized trials analyzing adverse cardiovascular effects of e-cigarette use, the existing literature supports that different constituents of e-cigarettes such as nicotine, carbonyls, and particulate matters carry potential risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) on its users.”
“E-Cigarettes and Cardiopulmonary Health: Review for Clinicians.”	Narrative Review	Neczypor, E.W. et al. [39]	Circulation. 2022	“Consistent with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations, clinicians should monitor the health risks of e-cigarette use, discourage nonsmokers and adolescents from using e-cigarettes, and discourage smokers from engaging in dual use without cigarette reduction or cessation.”
“Comparable Impairment of Vascular Endothelial Function by a Wide Range of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Devices.”	Narrative Review	Rao, P. et al. [40]	Nicotine Tob. Res. 2022	“A wide range of ENDS, including multiple types of e-cigarettes with and without nicotine, a heated tobacco product, and an ultrasonic vaping device devoid of heating coil, all impair FMD after a single vaping session comparably to combusted cigarettes.”
“Electronic Cigarette Use and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases.”	Narrative Review	Espinoza-Derout, J. et al. [41]	Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 2022	“The increased hyperlipidemia, sympathetic dominance, endothelial dysfunction, DNA damage, and macrophage activation are prominent effects of e-cigarettes. Additionally, oxidative stress and inflammation are unifying mechanisms at many levels of the cardiovascular impairment induced by e-cigarette exposure. This review outlines the contribution of e-cigarettes in the development of cardiovascular diseases and their molecular underpinnings.”
“Impact of Electronic Cigarette Vaping on Cerebral Ischemia: What We Know So Far.”	Narrative Review	Siegel, J. et al. [42]	Transl. Stroke Res. 2022	“The current review strives to extrapolate the existing understanding of the nicotine-induced effects of conventional smoking on the brain to the possible effects that ECs may have on the brain, which may ultimately have a potential for adverse stroke risk or severity.”
“Cardiopulmonary Consequences of Vaping in Adolescents: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association.”	Narrative Review	Wold, L.E. et al. [44]	Circ. Res. 2022	“The goals of this scientific statement are to provide salient background information on the cardiopulmonary consequences of e-cigarette use (vaping) in adolescents, to guide therapeutic and preventive strategies and future research directions, and to inform public policymakers on the risks, both short and long term, of vaping.”
“Effects of Mango and Mint Pod-Based E-Cigarette Aerosol Inhalation on Inflammatory States of The Brain, Lung, Heart, and Colon in Mice.”	Narrative Review	Moshensky, A. et al. [45]	Elife. 2022	The authors’ “findings suggest that daily e-cigarette use may cause neuroinflammation, which may contribute to behavioral changes and mood disorders. In addition, e-cigarette use may cause gut inflammation, which has been tied to poor systemic health, and cardiac inflammation, which leads to cardiovascular disease.”
“Acute Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Vascular Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.”	Systematic Review	Meng, X.C. et al. [46]	Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2022	“Evidence from authors’ pooled analyses indicated that acute inhalation of e-cigarettes leads to negative changes in vascular endothelial function. E-cigarettes cannot be used as an alternative to public health strategies for tobacco control and should not be considered cardiovascular safety products. More future research should be conducted to verify our findings.”
“Increased Vulnerability to Atrial and Ventricular Arrhythmias Caused by Different Types of Inhaled Tobacco or Marijuana Products.”	Narrative Review	Qiu, H. et al. [47]	Heart Rhythm 2023	“These pathophysiological results indicate that tobacco and marijuana products can induce arrhythmogenic substrates involved in cardiac electrical, structural, and neural remodeling, facilitating the development of arrhythmias.”
“E-Cigarettes and Their Lone Constituents Induce Cardiac Arrhythmia and Conduction Defects in Mice.”	Narrative Review	Carll, A.P. et al. [48]	Nat. Commun. 2022	“This study indicates that chemical constituents of e-cigarettes could contribute to cardiac risk by provoking pro-arrhythmic changes and stimulating autonomic reflexes.”
“Chronic E-Cigarette Use Impairs Endothelial Function on the Physiological and Cellular Levels.”	Narrative Review	Mohammadi, L. et al. [49]	Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2022	“Chronic vaping and smoking both impair FMD and cause changes in the blood that inhibit endothelial NO release. Vaping, but not smoking, causes changes in the blood that increase microvascular endothelial permeability and may have a vaping-specific effect on intracellular oxidative state. The results suggest a role for RAGE in e-cigarette-induced changes in endothelial function.”
“Impairment of Endothelial Function by Cigarette Smoke Is Not Caused by a Specific Smoke Constituent, but by Vagal Input From the Airway.”	Narrative Review	Nabavizadeh, P. et al. [50]	Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2022	“There is no single constituent or class of constituents responsible for acute impairment of endothelial function by smoke; rather, authors propose that acute endothelial dysfunction by disparate inhaled products is caused by vagus nerve signaling initiated by airway irritation.”
“Association of Volatile Organic Compound Levels With Pod-Based Electronic Cigarette-Induced Changes in Vascular Function of Young Adults.”	Narrative Review	Majid, S.A. et al. [51]	Circulation. 2022	The authors’ findings demonstrated “that pod-based e-cigarette use had acute and chronic vascular effects in healthy young adults including those who never used combustible cigarettes. Select VOC metabolites were associated with the vascular changes and altered nitric oxide production suggesting relevance to vascular health.”
“Immunological Insights into Cigarette Smoking-Induced Cardiovascular Disease Risk.”	Narrative Review	Dahdah, A. et al. [52]	Cells. 2022	The authors “highlight some of the important pathological mechanisms that involve cigarette smoking and its many components on cardiovascular disease and the immune systems in order to have a better understanding of the mechanisms at play.”
“Short-term Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Cerebrovascular Function: A Time Course Study.”	Narrative Review	Mills, A. et al. [53]	Exp. Physiol. 2022	“The finding that Ecig (without nicotine) and cigarette (with nicotine) exposure produce the same effects suggesting that nicotine is not likely to be triggering MCA dysfunction, and that vaping (with/without nicotine) has potential to produce the same vascular harm and/or disease as smoking.”
“Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and Cardiovascular/Cardiometabolic Health.”	Narrative Review	Mears, M.J. et al. [54]	Circ. Res. 2023	“This review provides an overview of the cardiovascular, cardiometabolic, and vascular implications of the use of e-cigs, and the potential short- and long-term health effects. A robust understanding of these effects is important in order to inform policy makers on the dangers of e-cigs use.”
“Characterization and Summarization of the Impact of Electronic Cigarettes on the Cardiovascular System: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.”	Systematic Review	Rahman, A. et al. [55]	Cureus. 2023	The authors “conclude that using e-cigarettes has a detrimental effect on cardiac health. The risk of severe cardiac conditions increases with e-cigarettes. Thus, vaping can do more harm than good. Consequently, the misleading notion that e-cigarettes are less harmful should be challenged.”
“Association of Electronic Cigarette Exposure on Cardiovascular Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.”	Systematic Review	Siddiqi, T.J. et al. [56]	Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 2023	“Results demonstrate that smoking EC is associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular hemodynamic measures and biomarkers. Our findings can aid policymakers in making informed decisions regarding the regulation of EC to ensure public safety.”
“The Effect of Emerging Tobacco Related Products and Their Toxic Constituents on Thrombosis.”	Narrative Review	Alarabi, A.B. et al. [57]	Life Sci. 2022	In this review, the authors “discuss the potential impact of ETRPs on thrombosis-based CVD. Specifically, we will review how these products and the major chemicals they produce and/or emit can trigger key players in the process of thrombosis, namely inflammation, oxidative stress, platelets, coagulation, and the vascular endothelium, and the relationship between these effects.”
“E-Cigarette Toxicology.”	Narrative Review	Gordon, T. et al. [58]	Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2022	“Adverse health effects related to e-cigarette aerosols are influenced by several factors, including e-liquid components, physical device factors, chemical changes related to heating, and health of the e-cigarette user (e.g., asthmatic). Federal, state, and local regulations have attempted to govern e-cigarette flavors, manufacturing, distribution, and availability, particularly to underaged youths.”