Table 3.

Neurological system research of electronic cigarette harms including the title, type of review, first author, reference number in the manuscript, journal and year, and a brief summary of the review’s significant findings (N = 16).

Title	Review Type	Authors	Journal/Year	Significance of Finding
“Longitudinal Transition Outcomes Among Adult Dual Users of E-Cigarettes and Cigarettes with The Intention to Quit in The United States: PATH Study (2013–2018).”	Narrative Review	Osibogun, O. et al. [28]	Prev. Med. Rep. 2022	“Findings show that in a real-world scenario, dual e-cigarette and cigarette use may hinder rather than facilitate smoking cessation among those interested in quitting. This needs consideration when assessing the population impact of e-cigarettes and their role in harm reduction.”
“E-Cigarettes, Nicotine, The Lung and The Brain: Multi-Level Cascading Pathophysiology.”	Narrative Review	Herman, M. et al. [59]	J. Physiol. 2020	The authors conclude “that vaping needs to be studied by multi-disciplinary teams that include pulmonary and neurophysiologists as well as behaviourists and addiction specialists to fully understand their impact on human physiology.”
“Nicotine Gateway Effects on Adolescent Substance Use.”	Narrative Review	Ren, M. et al. [60]	West J. Emerg. Med. 2019	The authors present “a large collection of clinical and preclinical evidence that adolescent nicotine exposure influences long-term molecular, biochemical, and functional changes in the brain that encourage subsequent drug abuse.”
“Evidence of Altered Brain Responses to Nicotine in an Animal Model of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.”	Narrative Review	Poirier, G.L. et al. [61]	Nicotine Tob. Res. 2017	“In the SHR, nicotine triggered an atypical response in one VTA circuit while normalizing activity in another. The VTA has been widely implicated in drug reward. Data suggest that increased susceptibility to nicotine addiction in individuals with ADHD may involve altered responses to nicotine involving VTA circuits.”
“Substance Use and Nicotine Dependence in Persistent, Remittent, and Late-Onset ADHD: A 10-year Longitudinal Study from Childhood to Young Adulthood.”	Narrative Review	Ilbegi, S. et al. [62]	J. Neurodev. Disord. 2018	“SUD and nicotine dependence are associated with a negative ADHD outcome. Results further emphasize the need for clinicians to comprehensively assess substance use when diagnosing ADHD in adolescents and adults.”
“Brain Lesions Disrupting Addiction Map to A Common Human Brain Circuit.”	Narrative Review	Joutsa, J. et al. [63]	Nat. Med. 2022	The authors conclude “that brain lesions disrupting addiction map to a specific human brain circuit and that hubs in this circuit provide testable targets for therapeutic neuromodulation.”
“Rapid Brain Nicotine Uptake from Electronic Cigarettes.”	Narrative Review	Solingapuram Sai, K.K. et al. [64]	J. Nucl. Med. 2020	“E-cigs can deliver nicotine to the brain with a rapidity similar to that of C-cigs. Therefore, to the extent that rapid brain uptake promotes smoking reward, E-cigs might maintain a degree of nicotine dependence and also serve as a noncombustible substitute for cigarettes.”
“Longitudinal Assessments of Neurocognitive Performance and Brain Structure Associated with Initiation of Tobacco Use in Children, 2016 to 2021.”	Narrative Review	Dai, H.D. et al. [65]	JAMA Netw. Open. 2022	“In this cohort study, initiating tobacco use in late childhood was associated with inferior cognitive performance and reduced brain structure with sustained effects at 2-year follow-up. These findings suggest that youths vulnerable to e-cigarettes and tobacco products should be treated as a priority population in tobacco prevention.”
“Prospectively Assessed Long-Term Outcomes of Patients with E-Cigarette- or Vaping-Associated Lung Injury.”	Narrative Review	Blagev, D.P. et al. [66]	Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2022	“Patients with EVALI, despite their youth, commonly have significant long-term respiratory disability; cognitive impairment; symptoms of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress; and persistent vaping.”
“Exploring the Gateway Hypothesis of E-cigarettes and Tobacco: A Prospective Replication Study among Adolescents in the Netherlands and Flanders.”	Narrative Review	Martinelli, T. et al. [67]	Tob. Control. 2023	“This study replicated the positive relation between e-cigarette use and tobacco smoking in both directions for adolescents. This may mean that the gateway works in two directions, that e-cigarette and tobacco use share common risk factors, or that both mechanisms apply.”
“Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Use Predicts Transitions in Cigarette Smoking among Young Adults.”	Narrative Review	Loukas, A. et al. [68]	Drug Alcohol Depend. 2022	“ENDS use in young adulthood increases the risk for cigarette smoking behaviors across the continuum of uptake and progression. Prevention and cessation efforts targeting both ENDS and cigarette use during young adulthood are needed.”
“Effects of Vaping on Uptake and Cessation of smoking: Longitudinal Analysis in Aotearoa New Zealand Adults.”	Narrative Review	Mason, A. et al. [69]	Drug Alcohol Rev. 2023	“The findings demonstrate that vaping appeared to be just as likely to have a gateway effect to smoking as it was to have a cessation effect. This highlights the need for greater consideration regarding vaping-related policies and restrictions.”
“Cannabis Vaping Among Youth and Young Adults: A Scoping Review.”	Scoping Review	Harrell, M.B. et al. [70]	Curr. Addict. Rep. 2022	“Cannabis vaping is increasingly common among youth and young adults and more prevalent is settings where recreational use for adults has been legalized. The literature documents a number of negative health effects of cannabis vaping for young people, along with risk factors and reasons for the same.”
“Dual Use of Nicotine and Cannabis Through Vaping Among Adolescents.”	Narrative Review	Moustafa, A.F. et al. [71]	Am. J. Prev. Med. 2022	“From middle to late adolescence, vaping of nicotine and cannabis develop in close parallel. Regulatory policy and prevention interventions should consider the interplay between these 2 substances during this period of adolescence.”
“Probability and Predictors of Transition from First Use to Dependence on Nicotine, Alcohol, Cannabis, and Cocaine: Results of The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC).”	Narrative Review	Lopez-Quintero, C. et al. [72]	Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011	“The existence of common predictors of transition dependence across substances suggests that shared mechanisms are involved. The increased risk of transition to dependence among individuals from minorities or those with psychiatric or dependence comorbidity highlights the importance of promoting outreach and treatment of these populations.”
“Tobacco and Nicotine Use.”	Narrative Review	Le Foll, B. et al. [73]	Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers. 2022	“Efforts associated with innovative policy regulations (aimed at reducing nicotine content or eliminating tobacco products) have the potential to reduce the prevalence of tobacco and nicotine use and their enormous adverse impact on population health.”