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. 2023 Sep 24;24(19):14500. doi: 10.3390/ijms241914500

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Survival of infectious EV71 in association with biofilms generated by different H. pylori strains. The virus plaque assay was employed to quantify infectious virus particles in association with the unattached, free-living, planktonic bacteria (culture supernatant) and with two-week-old, dehydrated biofilms of H. pylori strains: (A) NCTC11637ΔoipA isogenic mutant, (B) NCTC11637, (C) 26695, (D) SS1. The supernatant and the biofilm in each well were harvested separately and subjected to virus plaque assays. The viable virus titer is represented as log PFU per milliliter (PFU/mL), e.g., 1.00+E03 = 10³. The blue graphs depict the viable virus titers over time for supernatant samples, while the red graphs depict viable virus titers for biofilm samples. Error bars depict standard errors derived from three independent experiments. Asterisks (*) denote p-values < 0.05, which were considered statistically significant. Infectious virus could be recovered from relatively abundant biofilms produced by NCTC11637ΔoipA isogenic mutant and NCTC11637 strains up to 16 and 17 days, respectively, compared with the viable virus isolated from their corresponding supernatants up to only 10 and 11 days. There was little or no difference in the duration of viral viability in the biofilm and supernatant samples of the H. pylori strains 26695 and SS1.

Survival of infectious EV71 in association with biofilms generated by different H. pylori strains. The virus plaque assay was employed to quantify infectious virus particles in association with the unattached, free-living, planktonic bacteria (culture supernatant) and with two-week-old, dehydrated biofilms of H. pylori strains: (A) NCTC11637ΔoipA isogenic mutant, (B) NCTC11637, (C) 26695, (D) SS1. The supernatant and the biofilm in each well were harvested separately and subjected to virus plaque assays. The viable virus titer is represented as log PFU per milliliter (PFU/mL), e.g., 1.00+E03 = 10³. The blue graphs depict the viable virus titers over time for supernatant samples, while the red graphs depict viable virus titers for biofilm samples. Error bars depict standard errors derived from three independent experiments. Asterisks (*) denote p-values < 0.05, which were considered statistically significant. Infectious virus could be recovered from relatively abundant biofilms produced by NCTC11637ΔoipA isogenic mutant and NCTC11637 strains up to 16 and 17 days, respectively, compared with the viable virus isolated from their corresponding supernatants up to only 10 and 11 days. There was little or no difference in the duration of viral viability in the biofilm and supernatant samples of the H. pylori strains 26695 and SS1.