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. 2023 Sep 30;24(19):14785. doi: 10.3390/ijms241914785

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Profile of the surfactants and other types of molecules used in the vitrification step of membrane protein structures solved by using cryo-EM single-particle analysis below 3.0 Å resolution in the last two years (2021–2022) available in the Protein Data Bank. (A) Number of reports for each surfactant used in the vitrification step. Alkyl maltoside detergents include DDM and DM. MNG family detergents include LMNG and MNG. Mixed detergents include associations between different detergents. In this class, we notice the reports of the association between LMNG and GDN (48 reports), LMNG, GDN and digitonin (3 reports), MNG and GDN (2 reports), GDN and digitonin (2 reports), DM-NPG and digitonin (1 report), DDM and LMNG (1 report), DDM and Cymal-5 (1 report), DDM and Triton X-100 (1 report), DDM and CHAPS (1 report), LMNG and CHAPS (1 report), digitonin and sodium cholate (1 report), digitonin and LDAO (1 report). Nanodiscs include native nanodiscs (SMA copolymer nanodiscs, 5 reports), MSP-nanodiscs (50 reports), circularized nanodiscs (3 reports) and saposin–lipid–protein complexes (Salipro, 4 reports). Other surfactants include: LDAO (2 reports), Cymal-5 (1 report), C12E9 (1 report), glycerol (1 report), and peptidisc (1 report). (B) Analysis of the addition of cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHS) on detergent-solubilized MPs at the vitrification step.