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. 2023 Oct 1;24(19):14815. doi: 10.3390/ijms241914815

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Contribution of the tumor microenvironment to the activation of the EMT program and the invasion–metastasis cascade in CRC [50,83,84,115]. CAFs, TAMs, hypoxia, cytokines, and chemokines make important contributions to the induction of EMT in nearby cancer cells and the invasion–metastasis cascade in CRC. EMT cells have cancer stem cell-like characteristics, and CSCs exhibit a mesenchymal phenotype. Aberrant miRNA expression correlates with CSC formation and acquisition of the EMT phenotype. Abbreviations: CAFs: cancer-associated fibroblasts; TAMs: tumor-associated macrophages; CTCs: circulating tumor cells; CCSCs: colorectal cancer stem cells.