Table 2. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of Enterococcus faecium isolates among the Khartoum locality hospital patients, Sudan (2018–2020).
| Demographic Characteristics | Enterococcus faecium (n = 108) no (%) | Other Enterococcus (n = 62) no (%) | Frequency (n = 170) no (%) | Chi-square Test |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | X2 = 0.086, P = 0.768* | |||
| Male | 60 (55.6) | 33 (53.2 ) | 93 (22.9) | |
| Female | 48 (44.4) | 29 (46.8) | 77 (45.3) | |
| Age (Years) Mean ± sd | ||||
| Age groups | X2 = 3.930, P = 0.415* | |||
| Less than 20 years | 25 (23.1 ) | 7 (11.3 ) | 32 (18.8) | |
| 20–34 years | 28 (25.9) | 20 (32.3 ) | 48 (28.2) | |
| 35–49 years | 29 (26.9 ) | 20 (32.3 ) | 49 (28.8) | |
| 50–64 years | 18 (16.7) | 10 (16.1 ) | 28 (16.5) | |
| 65 years and above | 8 (7.4) | 5 (8.1 ) | 13 (7.6) | |
| Educational status | X2 = 2.401, P = 0.662* | |||
| Illiterate | 6 (5.6 ) | 5 (8.1) | 11 (6.5) | |
| Under school age | 5 (4.6 ) | 5 (8.1) | 10 (5.9) | |
| Primary | 13 (12 ) | 6 (9.7) | 19 (11.2) | |
| Secondary | 23 (21.3) | 9 (14.5 ) | 32 (18.8) | |
| University | 61 (56.5) | 37 (59.7 ) | 98 (57.6) | |
| Residence | X2 = 1.080, P = 0.298* | |||
| Urban | 73 (67.6 ) | 37 (59.7) | 110 (64.7) | |
| Rural | 35 (32.4 ) | 25 (40.3 ) | 60 (35.3) | |
| Occupation | X2 = 4.91, P = 0.672* | |||
| Employed | 29 (26.9 ) | 15 (24.2 ) | 44 (25.9) | |
| Under age | 11 (10.2 ) | 2 (3.2) | 13 (7.6) | |
| Freelancer | 11 (10.2) | 7 (11.3 ) | 18 (10.6) | |
| Farmer | 6 (5.6 ) | 3 (4.8 ) | 9 (5.3) | |
| Student | 31 (28.7) | 18 (29 ) | 49 (28.8) | |
| Housewife | 11 (10.2) | 7 (11.3 ) | 18 (10.6) | |
| Merchant | 6 (5.6 ) | 7 (11.3 ) | 13 (7.6) | |
| Retired | 3 (2.8 ) | 3 (4.8 ) | 6 (3.5) | |
| Hospital Code | X2 = 0.377, P = 0.944* | |||
| ACTH | 33 (30.6 ) | 20 (32.3) | 53 (31.1) | |
| DASH | 29 (26.9 ) | 18 (29 ) | 47 (27.6) | |
| IMTH | 27 (25) | 13 (21) | 40 (23.5) | |
| YASH | 19 (17.6 ) | 11 (17.7) | 30 (17.6) | |
| Comorbidities | X2 = 0.923, P = 0.336* | |||
| Yes | 67 (62) | 43 (69.4 ) | 110 (64.7) | |
| No | 41 (38 ) | 19 (30.6 ) | 60 (35.3) | |
| Comorbidities if Yes | ||||
| Gastrointestinal tract infection | 28 (25.9 ) | 14 (22.6) | 42 (24.7) | |
| Renal and kidney-associated disease | 10 (9.3) | 7 (11.3 ) | 17 (10) | |
| Urinary tract infection | 7 (6.5 ) | 7 (11.3) | 14 (8.2) | |
| Cardiovascular Disease | 2 (1.9 ) | 7 (11.3 ) | 9 (5.3) | |
| Respiratory tract infection | 8 (7.4 ) | 4 (6.5 ) | 12 (7.1) | |
| Diabetes | 7 (6.5 ) | 2 (3.2 ) | 9 (5.3) | |
| Prostatitis | 4 (3.7) | 1 (1.6) | 5 (2.9) | |
| Wound infection | 1 (0.9 ) | 1 (1.6) | 2 (1.2) | |
| Wards (n = 70) | X2 = 1.676, P = 0.642* | |||
| Surgery | 13 (12 ) | 10 (16.1 ) | 23 (13.5) | |
| Medical | 17 (15.7) | 13 (21 ) | 30 (17.6) | |
| Pediatric | 5 (4.6 ) | 1 (1.6) | 6 (3.5) | |
| ICU | 7 (6.5 ) | 4 (6.5 ) | 11 (6.5) | |
| Patient setting | X2 = 0.639, P = 0.423* | |||
| Hospitalized patient | 42 (38.9 ) | 28 (45.2) | 70 (41.2) | |
| Community patients | 66 (61.1) | 34 (54.8 ) | 100 (58.8) | |
| Duration of stay (Days) Mean ± sd | (5 ± 2) | |||
| Duration of stay (n = 70) | X2 = 0.603, P = 0.437* | |||
| Less than week | 36 (33.3 ) | 22 (35.5 ) | 58 (82.9) | |
| Week and more | 6 (5.6 ) | 6 (9.7 ) | 12 (17.1) | |
| Self-Medication | X2 = 1.854, P = 0.173* | |||
| Yes | 73 (67.6 ) | 48 (77.4 ) | 121 (71.2) | |
| No | 35 (32.4) | 14 (22.9 ) | 49 (28.8) | |
| Antibiotic adherence | X2 = 1.492, P = 0.221* | |||
| High Adherence | 28 (25.9 ) | 11 (17.7 ) | 39 (22.9) | |
| Non-adherence | 80 (74.1 ) | 51 (82.3) | 131 (77.1) | |
| Used Antibiotic in last 3 months | X2 = 0.212, P = 0.645* | |||
| Yes | 70 (64.8) | 38 (61.3) | 108 (63.5) | |
| No | 38 (35.2) | 24 (38.7 ) | 62 (36.5) | |
| Antibiotic exposure | X2 = 29.55, P = 0.005** | |||
| Ceftazidime | 17 (15.7) | 3 (4.8 ) | 20 (11.8) | |
| Ceftriaxone | 13 (12 ) | 4 (6.5 ) | 17 (10) | |
| Clindamycin | 1 (0.9 ) | 4 (6.5 ) | 5 (2.9) | |
| Amoxicillin | 5 (4.6 ) | 8 (12.9) | 13 (7.6) | |
| Gentamicin | 24 (22.2) | 4 (6.5 ) | 28 (16.5) | |
| Ciprofloxacin | 4 (3.7 ) | 6 (9.7 ) | 10 (5.9) | |
| Azithromycin | 2 (1.9 ) | 3 (4.8 ) | 5 (2.9) | |
| Chloramphenicol | 2 (1.9 ) | 1 (1.6 ) | 3 (1.8) | |
| Erythromycin | 5 (4.6 ) | 2 (3.2) | 7 (4.1) | |
| Metronidazole | 3 (2.8) | 2 (3.2) | 5 (2.9) | |
| Penicillin | 2 (1.9 ) | 4 (6.5) | 6 (3.5) | |
| Tetracycline | 9 (8.3 ) | 3 (4.8 ) | 12 (7.1) | |
| Vancomycin | 2 (1.9) | 5 (8.1 ) | 7 (4.1) | |
| Not remembered | 19 (17.6 ) | 13 (21) | 32 (18.8) | |
| Antimicrobial categorize | X2 = 3.560, P = 0.059* | |||
| MDR | 73 (67.6) | 44 (71 ) | 117 (68.8) | |
| XDR | 22 (20.4 ) | 5 (8.1) | 27 (15.9) | |
| Taking antibiotics according to physician consultation | X2 = 0.710, P = 0.399* | |||
| Yes | 40 (37 ) | 19 (30.6 ) | 59 (34.7) | |
| No | 68 (63) | 43 (69.4 ) | 111 (65.3) | |
| Taking antibiotics according to pharmacist consultation? | X2 = 0.164, P = 0.684* | |||
| Yes | 61 (56.5) | 37 (59.7) | 98 (57.6) | |
| No | 47 (43.5) | 25 (40.3) | 72 (42.4) | |
| Taking antibiotics according to friends or relative consultation? | X2 = 0.491, P = 0.483* | |||
| Yes | 71 (65.7) | 44 (71) | 115 (67.6) | |
| No | 37 (34.3) | 18 (29) | 55 (32.4) | |
| Would you visit a physician for a follow-up after taking antibiotics? | X2 = 0.504, P = 0.477* | |||
| Yes | 26 (24.1 ) | 18 (29) | 44 (25.9) | |
| No | 82 (75.9) | 44 (71 ) | 126 (74.1) | |
| If ill with flu-like symptoms and the doctor doesn’t prescribe antibiotics, do you take an antibiotic? | X2 = 0.284, P = 0.594* | |||
| Yes | 76 (70.4) | 46 (74.2 ) | 122 (71.8) | |
| No | 32 (29.6 ) | 16 (25.8 ) | 48 (28.2) | |
| Do you aware of miss use of antibiotics leads to resistance of bacteria? | X2 = 2.538, P = 0.111* | |||
| Yes | 59 (54.6) | 26 (41.9) | 85 (50) | |
| No | 49 (45.4 ) | 36 (58.1) | 85 (50) |
Notes.
Academy Charity Teaching Hospital (ACTH); Dar-Alelaj Specialized Hospital (DASH); Ibrahim Malik Teaching Hospital (IMTH); Yastabshiroon Hospital Riyadh (YASH); Multidrug-resistant (MDR); and extensively drug-resistant (XDR). **P < 0.05 is significant.