Figure 2.

Effects of gut microbiota, microbial metabolites, and bacterial components on T2D. The host enzyme specifically converts the microbial metabolite TMA (Trimethylamine) to TMAO (Trimethylamine N-Oxide), and higher TMAO levels have been seen in people with IR. On the other hand, some bacterial metabolites such as SCFAs have been found to improve glucose homeostasis and IR by influencing epigenetic programming. This is due to their ability to inhibit the activity of the histone deacetylase enzyme. Furthermore, it is not just live bacteria that can affect health outcomes. Bacterial substances such as LPS (lipopolysaccharide), flagellin, and peptidoglycan have been identified as potential causes of an inflammatory reaction, thereby increasing the risk of developing T2D. In conclusion, the role of gut microbiota and its various components in health and disease is complex and requires further study to better understand its mechanisms and potential therapeutic implications.