Table 1.

Summarizing Prospective and future treatments.

Treatment	Mode of Action
1. Aromatase inhibitors	Halt the production of estrogen by blocking aromatization of androgen to estrogen. Comparative results to GnRH agonist, 60% reduced uterine volume when combined.
2. Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulators (SPRMs)	Derived from norethindrone, interact with progesterone receptors to either activate or repress gene transcription in a tissue specific manner. e.g., Ulipristal, Mifepristone
3. Antiplatelet therapy	Induces the TGF-β/Smad signaling causing fibrosis and smooth muscle metaplasia.
4. Dopamine agonist:	Inhibits prolactin. Prolactin receptors are increased in adenomyotic tissue, suggesting an association between prolactin and adenomyosis.
5. Oxytocin antagonists	Decreases myometrial peristalsis via blocking oxytocin and vasopressin V1a receptors. e.g., Atosiban, Epelsiban
6. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibition:	Mice eutopic and ectopic endometria demonstrated a positive immunoreactivity for phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3), the active form of STAT3. STAT3 inhibition could be a promising treatment.
7. KRAS genetically guided therapy	KRAS mutations co-occur with endometriosis, low progesterone receptor expression, or dienogest pretreatment. KRAS status could be a biomarker of treatment efficacy.
8. Qiu’s Neiyi recipe:	A traditional Chinese medicine used for endometriosis. improve the inflammation by regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (MAPKs/ERKs) pathways.
9. Micro RNA:	MicroRNA therapy specifically targets and silences multiple genes. transcriptional regulation of dysregulated microRNA in adenomyosis is proposed
10. Valproic Acid:	Demethylating agent and histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACIs). Improves hyperalgesia, dysmenorrhea and reduce uterine volume.
11. Levo-tetrahydropalmatine (L-THP) and andrographolide:	Chinese medicinal herbs. L-THP is a known analgesic and Andrographolide potent nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) inhibitor is an anti-inflammatory agent.
12. Vascular endothelial growth (VEGF) inhibitors:	Bevacizumab (Avastin®) is a monoclonal antibody directed against VEGF in endometriosis with potential usefulness in adenomyosis.