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. 2023 Aug 29;7(8):igad093. doi: 10.1093/geroni/igad093

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© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — Mediating analysis of hearing impairment, depression, and functional disability. ADL = activities of daily living; HI = hearing impairment; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living. X indicates the independent variable (HI), Y indicates the dependent variable (ADL and IADL), and M indicates the mediator (depression). Mediating effect is considered if the condition is fulfilled as follows. First, X is associated with Y (path c). Second, X is associated with the M (path a). Third, M is associated with the Y after adjusting for X (path b). Finally, if the effect of X on Y is still significant when M was included in the model (path cʹ), partial mediation is considered if X is no longer significant, it is complete mediation.