Table 2.
The purification methods of fungal TCM polysaccharides.
| Fungi Name | Source | Polysaccharide Name | Extraction and Purification Method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ganoderma lucidum | Fruiting body | GLPC2 | Water extraction and ethanol precipitation; fractioned using DEAE SepharoseTM FF column with different concentrations of NaCl solution; subsequently eluted using Sephacryl S-200 HR column with 0.5 M NaCl solution | [60] |
| Ganoderma lucidum | Fruiting body | FXM | The fruit body of Ganoderma lucidum was extracted with alkali solution after degreasing, and the alkaline extract was neutralized with acid and dialysis for 72 h. Fehling reagent was added to the solution, and the polysaccharide FXM was obtained after continuous washing with acid and alkali solution and dialysis. | [61] |
| Ganoderma lucidum | Fruiting body | RGLP-1 | The crude polysaccharides were injected into the cut-off ultrafiltration membrane to obtain different fractions (EGLP and RGLP) according to their molecular weight. RGLP was further purified through Sephacryl S-500 HR column and eluted with 0.2 mol/L NaCl resolution at the flow rate of 0.8 mL/min | [34] |
| Ganoderma lucidum | Spore | GLSP-I | Water extraction and ethanol precipitation; eluted by different concentrations of NaCl solution using middle-pressure liquid chromatography equipped with a DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column; then purified on Sephadex G100 column | [62] |
| Ganoderma lucidum | Mycelia | SeMPN | Water extraction and ethanol precipitation; eluted with different concentrations of NaCl solution on a DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column; then purified on Sephadex G100 column | [63] |
| Ganoderma lucidum | N/A | GLPs | Hot water extraction; graded by ultrafiltration membranes (100 kDa, 10 kDa and 1 kDa); transmembrane pressures of 0.6–1 MPa; flow speed of 700 r/min; deproteinized with Sevag method and precipitated with ethanol; eluted using DEAE Sepharose fast flow chromatography with different concentrations of NaCl solutions | [64] |
| Cordyceps militaris | Fruiting body | CM3-SII | Alkali extraction; water-soluble components were fractionated using Q-SepharoseTM Fast Flow column chromatography with NaCl; CM3-S was then purified on a Sephacryl S200HR column with 0.2 mol/L NH4HCO3 | [39] |
| Cordyceps cicadae | Fermentation medium | PACI-1 (an extracellular selenium-enriched polysaccharide) | PACI solution was loaded onto DEAE-52 column and eluted with pure water and a step gradient of 0.1 M to 0.3 M NaCl solution. Then, the main fraction was eluted with pure water on a Sephadex G-100 column and filtered through 8000 Da molecular mass membranes to desalt | [65] |
| Cordyceps cicadae | Fruiting body | JCH-a1 | Ultrasonically-assisted enzymatic extraction (cellulose:chitinase = 1:1); deproteinized with Sevage; the fractions were eluted with DEAE-32 column and Sephadex G-100 column, respectively | [66] |
| Cordyceps cicadae | Bacterium substance | BSP | Hot water bath extraction (78 °C); deproteinized with Sevage; eluted on DEAE-52 column chromatography with different concentrations of NaCl (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 M NaCl) | [67] |
| Cordyceps cicadae | Spore powder | SPP | Hot water bath extraction (78 °C); deproteinized with Sevage; eluted on DEAE-52 column chromatography with different concentrations of NaCl (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 M NaCl) | [67] |
| Cordyceps cicadae | Fruiting body | PPP | Hot water bath extraction (78 °C); deproteinized with Sevage; eluted on DEAE-52 column chromatography with different concentrations of NaCl (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 M NaCl) | [67] |
| Cordyceps militaris | N/A | CMP | Hot water reflux extraction; eluted with 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mol/L NaCl onto a DEAE-52 cellulose column | [68] |
| Cordyceps militaris | Culture broth | EPS-III (A homogenous exopolysaccharide) | The culture broth was centrifuged, collected and concentrated; then it was precipitated with ethanol absolute (1:4); Sevage method and macroporous absorption resin (AB-8) to remove protein and pigment; further purified using Sephadex G-200 with distilled water | [69] |
| Cordyceps militaris | Fermentation broth | AEPS-II (An acidic exopolysaccharide) | The fermentation broth was centrifuged, concentrated and mixed with anhydrous ethanol; NKA-9 macroporous adsorption resin was used to remove pigment and protein using Sevage method; the crude EPS was isolated and purified with DEAE-Sephacel and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, respectively | [45] |
| Poria cocos | Powder | PCP-1 | The powder was extracted using deep eutectic solvent (ChoCl and oxalic acid in a molar ratio of 1:2); Sevage method was used for deproteinization; then the water solution was eluted on a Sephadex G-15 column | [71] |
| Poria cocos | Mycelial culture | FMGP | It was isolated from 49-day-old cultures of mycelia, after extraction with 0.1 M sodium acetate, centrifugation, precipitation and dialyzation, the supernatant was purified on a column of Fractogel BioSec | [72] |
| Wolfiporia cocos | Dried sclerotia | WIP (an acidic polysaccharide that is insoluble in water) | Dried sclerotia was extracted with NaOH solution (0.75 mol/L) and neutralized with HCl (1 mol/L); petroleum ether and hot water was applied to remove fat-soluble and water-soluble molecules; dialysis for removing inorganic salts | [73] |
| Poria cocos | Sclerotium | PCP-1C | The dried powder was extracted with ultrapure water and precipitated with ethanol; the Sevage method was used to remove protein; cellulose DEAE-52 column and Sephacryl S-500 column were applied to obtain PCP-1C | [74] |
| Poria cocos | Fermentation broth | EPS-0 M, EPS-0.1 M (exopolysaccharide) | Directly concentrated the supernatant of the fermentation broth; the water-soluble solution was dealt with using DEAE-52 cellulose anion exchange column and Sephadex G-100 gel column | [75] |
| Poria cocos | Lyophilized mycelium | IPS-0 M, IPS-0.1 M (intracellular polysaccharide) | Extract the lyophilized mycelium in hot water; the water-soluble solution was dealt with using DEAE-52 cellulose anion exchange column and Sephadex G-100 gel column | [75] |
| Polyporus umbellatus | Fruiting body | HPP | The Sevage method was used to remove protein; then the water solution was eluted using DEAE-52 cellulose column and Sephadex G-100 gel-filtration column, respectively | [76] |
| Polyporus umbellatus | Sclerotia | PUP-W-1 | Boiling water extraction; initial separation was completed using DEAE-Sepharose Fast-Flow column with water and different concentrations of NaCl; further separation was completed via SuperdexTM G-75 column | [77] |
| Polyporus grammocephalus | Fruit body | PGPS | The fruit bodies were boiled with 4% NaOH and precipitated with ethanol; the crude water soluble polysaccharide was fractionated with GPC on Sepharose-6B column | [78] |
| Omphalia lapidescens | Fruit body | OL-2 | The fruit body was extracted with hot water; the insoluble material was extracted with 0.1 M NaOH and 0.5 M NaOH, respectively; the 0.5 M NaOH soluble material was washed with water and 0.1 M NaOH, dissolved with 0.5 M NaOH and acidified with AcOH | [79] |
| Lasiosphaera fenzlii | Fruit body | TFP-1, TFP-2, TFP-3, TFP-4 | The fruit body was extracted with 0.2 M NaOH solution; trichloroacetic acid was used to remove free protein; DEAE cellulose column, SephacrylTM S-200 and SephacrylTM S-300 gel columns were used for further isolation and purification | [80] |
| Calvatia geigantea | N/A | CGP I-1 | Water extraction; DEAE-Sepharose fast flow ion-exchange column chromatography and Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration were used for isolation and purification | [81] |