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. 2023 Sep 27;28(19):6816. doi: 10.3390/molecules28196816

Table 3.

The structural characteristics of polysaccharides from fungal TCM.

Compound Name Source Molecular Weight Monosaccharide
Composition		 Proposed Structure Reference
GLP Ganoderma lucidum 112 kDa Xylose:mannose:galactose:
glucose:glucuronic acid = 1.53:15.64:1.84:80.6:0.39		 β-1,6-Glcp and β-1,3-Glcp linkages were the main ones that existed; the apparent structure was porous and loose [82]
GLPC2 Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body 20.6 kDa Mannose:glucuronic acid:glucose:galactose:xylose:fucose = 5.9:9.0:80.4:1.8:1.8:0.9 GLPC2 was mainly composed of D-Glcp-(1→, →3)-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-D-Glcp-(1→, →3,6)-D-Glcp-(1→, and→4)-D-GlcpA-(1→ [60]
FGLP Fermented Ganoderma lucidum 88.9 kDa Arabinose:xylose:mannose:galactose:glucose:glucuronic acid = 0.42:0.82:34.31:3.32:59.47:1.66 β-1,6-Glcp and β-1,3-Glcp linkages were the main ones that existed; the glucose content was decreased, and the uronic acid content was increased; the apparent structure was smooth and hard [82]
GLSP Ganoderma lucidum 4–5485 kDa Arabinose:glucose:galactose = 1.23:90.82:7.95 The types of glycosidic linkages that existed in GLSP were as follows: β-Glcp-(1→; →3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→; β-Glcp-(1→or→6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→; →5)-α-Araf-(1→; →6)-α-Galp-(1→; →4)-α-Galp-(1→; →6)-α-Galp-(1→4)-α-Galp-(1→ [83]
FXM Ganoderma lucidum 35.9 kDa Fucose:xylose:mannose:glucose = 24:25:48.3:2.7 The main chain of FXM was α-D-Manp-(1→4)-linked units, and some of them were branched at O-6 position with α-L-Fucp-(1→2)-β-D-Xylp groups [61]
RGLP-1 Ganoderma lucidum 3978 kDa Fucose:mannose:glucose:galactose = 0.13:0.05:0.72:0.10 RGLP-1 contained 12 linkage forms: (1→3)-linked glucose; (1→)-linked glucose; (1→3,6)-linked glucose; (1→4)-linked glucose; (1→6)-linked glucose; (1→3)-linked galactose; (1→2,3)-linked galactose; (1→)-linked galactose; (1→6)-linked galactose; (1→4,6)-linked galactose; (1→3)-linked mannose; and (1→2)-linked mannose [34]
GLSP-I Ganoderma lucidum spore 128 kDa Glucose The backbone was (1→3)-β-D-glucan, and three side chains including Glc-(1→3)-Glc-(1→3)-Glc-(1→6)-Glc, Glc-(1→6)-Glc-(1→6)-Glc-(1→6)-Glc and Glc-(1→3)-Glc-(1→3)-Glc-(1→3)-Glc-(1→3)-Glc were linked at O-6 [62]
SeMPN Ganoderma lucidum mycelia 9.7 kDa Glucose The backbone was 1,4-linked Glcp, and the other types of linkage contained T-linked Glcp and 1,4,6-linked Glcp [63]
GLSB50A-III-1 Ganoderma lucidum spore 193 kDa Glucose The backbone of GLSB50A-III-1 was (1→3), (1→4), (1→6)-linked β-D-glucose, and the side chains consisted of β-(1→3) and β-(1→4)-linked residues, which were attached at O-6 [84]
CM3-SII Cordyceps militaris fruiting body 25.2 kDa Mannose:glucose:galactose = 10.6:1.0:3.7 →4)-β-D-Manp(1→, →6)-β-D-Manp(1→, and→6)-α-D-Manp(1→glycosyls,
and branching at the O-4 positions of →6)-β-D-Manp(1→ glycosyls with β-D-Galp, (1→2) linked-β-D-Galf,
and →2,6)-α-D-Manp(1→ residues, O-6 and O-2 positions of the →2,6)-α-D-Manp(1→ residues
were substituted with methyl and β-D-Galp		 [39]
PACI-1 Cordyceps cicadae fermentation medium 10 kDa A homopolysaccharide composed of fructose NMR spectrum indicated that PACI-1 mainly contained β-configured pyranoside bonds [65]
JCH-a1 Cordyceps cicadae fruiting body 60.7 kDa Galactose:glucose:mannose = 0.89:1.0:0.39 It has a triple helix with more α-glycosides and has strong thermal stability [66]
BSP Cordyceps cicadae bacterium substance N/A Arabinose:galactose:glucose:xylose = 7.60:1.80:76.10:14.50 Araf-(1→, Xylp-(1→, →5)-Araf-(1→, Manp-(1→, Galp-(1→, →3, 5)-Araf-(1→, →2)-Manp-(1→, →6)-Manp-(1→, →4, 6)-Glcp-(1→, →4, 6)-Galp-(1→, →2, 6)-Manp-(1→ [67]
SPP Cordyceps cicadae spore powder N/A Arabinose:galactose:glucose:xylose:mannose = 9.10:15.40:41.20:17.50:16.80 Araf-(1→, →5)-Araf-(1→, Glcp-(1→, →3, 5)-Araf-(1→, →3)-Glcp-(1→, →4)-Glcp-(1→, →3, 4)-Glcp-(1→, →4, 6)-Glcp-(1→ [67]
PPP Cordyceps cicadae fruiting body N/A Arabinose:galactose:glucose:xylose:mannose = 4.50:11.90:62.20:10.70:10.70 Araf-(1→, Xylp-(1→, →5)-Araf-(1→, Manp-(1→, Galp-(1→, →3, 5)-Araf-(1→, →2)-Manp-(1→, →3)-Glcp-(1→, →4)-Galp-(1→, →4)-Glcp-(1→, →6)-Glcp-(1→, →6)-Manp-(1→, →3, 4)-Glcp-(1→, →4, 6)-Glcp-(1→, →2, 6)-Manp-(1→ [67]
CMP-1 Cordyceps militaris 2.2 × 103 kDa Mannose:Glucosamine:Ribose:Rhamose:Glucuronic acid:Galacturonic acid:Glucose:Galactose:Xylose:Arabinose:Fucose = 39.35:4.03:3.98:2.56:1.62:1.52:70.52:26.90:1.00:3.23:4.23 It has three weak absorption peaks (1109 cm−1, 1125 cm−1 and 1151 cm−1) in the range of 1110~1160 cm−1, which may be contributed to side chains on α-carb\zon from the second derivative of infrared spectrum. And it has three broad absorption bands in the range of 990~860 cm−1 [68]
CMP-2 Cordyceps militaris 2.8 × 103 kDa Mannose:Glucosamine:Ribose:Rhamose:Glucuronic acid:Galacturonic acid:Glucose:Galactose:Xylose:Fucose = 13.62:86.70:7.80:6.22:1.47:2.99:17.80:9.26:1.00:3.02 It has two weak absorption peaks (1109 cm−1 and 1151 cm−1) in the range of 1110~1160 cm−1 and four absorption peaks in the range of 990~860 cm−1 [68]
CMP-3 Cordyceps militaris 1.7 × 103 kDa Mannose:Glucosamine:Ribose:Rhamose:Glucuronic acid:Galacturonic acid:Glucose:Galactose:Xylose:Fucose = 33.61:44.67:27.34:31.84:7.32:8.39:102.23:38.27:1.00:5.79 It has two weak absorption peaks (1109 cm−1 and 1125 cm−1) in the range of 1110~1160 cm−1 and six absorption peaks in the range of 990~860 cm−1 [68]
EPS-III Cordyceps militaris culture broth 1.6 × 103 kDa Mannose:Glucose:Galactose = 1.68:1:1.83 The backbone was mainly consisted of →4)-α-D-Galp-(1→, while →3, 6)-α-D-Manp-(1→, →4)-α-D-Manp-(1→, →3)-β-D-Galp-(1→ and →3)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ [69]
AEPS-II Cordyceps militaris fermentation broth 61.5 kDa Mannose:Glucuronic acid:rhamnose:galactose acid:N-acetyl-galactosamine:Glucose:galactose:Arabinose = 1.07:5.38:1:3.14:2.23:15:6.09:4.04 The backbone contained →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, 4, 6-α-D-Glcp-(1→, 2, 4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →3)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Galp-(1→, →4)-α-D-GalpA-(1→, →4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→, →6)-β-D-GalNAc-(1→; the linkages of branches were mainly composed of 4, 6-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →3)-α-D-Araf-(1→, →2, 4)-β-D-GlcpA-(1→ [70]
PCP-1 Poria cocos 3.2 kDa Nearly 100% glucose The main linkages of backbone structure were 1, 3-linked glucose [71]
FMGP Poria cocos cultures mycelia 31.7 kDa Glucose:Galactose:Mannose:Fucose = 16:7:3:2 The main skeleton was a 1,4-α-Man-interlaced-1,3-β-Glucan with interlaced 6-O-α-L-fucosyl 1,4-α-Glc and 1,4-α-Gal branches [72]
WIP Wolfiporia cocos dried sclerotia 8.1 kDa Glucose It was a kind of pyranose form with β anomeric configuration; the main chain was 1,3-β-Glucan with amorphous structure [73]
PCP-1C Poria cocos sclerotium 17 kDa Galactose:Glucose:Mannose:Fucose = 43.5:24.4:17.4:14.6 The backbone consisted of 1,6-α-D-Glcp, whose branches composed of 1,3-β-D-Glcp, 1,4-β-D-Glcp, 1,6-β-D-Glcp, T-β-D-Glcp, T-α-D-Manp, T-α-L-Fucp, 1,3-α-L-Fucp [74]
EPS-0M Poria cocos fermentation broth 1.8 × 103 kDa Glucose:Mannose:Galactose:Fucose:Rhamnose = 17.3:46.3:19.9:8.7:5.0 It possessed β-type glycosidic bonds and exhibited loose fragmentary aggregation with an amorphous spherical structure [75]
EPS-0.1M Poria cocos fermentation broth 2.0 × 103 kDa Glucose:Mannose:Galactose:Fucose:Rhamnose = 11.5:46.5:21.9:10.7:5.6 It possessed β-type glycosidic bonds and exhibited loose fragmentary aggregation with an amorphous spherical structure [75]
IPS-0M Poria cocos mycelium 30 kDa Glucose:Mannose:Galactose:Fucose:Rhamnose = 79.7:8.9:5.5:1.7:3.1 It possessed β-type glycosidic bonds and it was mainly filamentous and rod-like, with a relatively regular structure [75]
IPS-0.1M Poria cocos mycelium 5.0 × 103 kDa Glucose:Mannose:Galactose:Fucose:Rhamnose = 50.3:20.9:16.1:6.0:4.0 It possessed β-type glycosidic bonds and it was mainly filamentous and rod-like, with a relatively regular structure [75]
HPP Polyporus umbellatus 6.9 kDa Only glucose It has a backbone of 1,4-linked α-D-glucan with a (1→6)-α-D-glucopyranosyl side-branching unit [76]
PUP-W-1 Polyporus umbellatus sclerotia 41.1 kDa Only glucose The backbone consisted of a repeating chain of eight →3)-β-D-Glcp-(1→ units, with branched chains of four β-D-Glcp residues, joined by repeating 1,6-linkage units at the O-6 position of the backbone [77]
PGPS Polyporus grammocephalus 140 kDa Only glucose The repeating unit of the glucan was →3)-α-D-Glcp(1→[4) -α-D-Glcp(1]2→ [78]
OL-2 Omphalia lapidescens N/A Only glucose It consisted of a 1,3-β-Glucan backbone chain decorated with a single six-branched β-glucosyl side unit on every fourth residue [79]
TFP-1 Lasiosphaera fenzlii fruit body 500 kDa Glucose:Mannose:Galactose = 6.3:1.03:2.07 Total sugar content of 96.94%; Terminal Glcp:1,3-linked Galp:1,2-linked Manp:1,3-linked Glcp:1,6-linked Glcp:1,2,3,6-linked Glcp = 28.48:10.31:26.69:25.86:8.21:8.25 [80]
TFP-2 Lasiosphaera fenzlii fruit body 500 kDa Glucose:Mannose:Galactose = 8.68:0.69:0.63 Total sugar content of 97.24%; Terminal Glcp:1,3-linked Galp:1,2-linked Manp:1,3-linked Glcp:1,6-linked Glcp:1,2,3,6-linked Glcp = 14.42:6.27:9.71:30.85:34.03:8.75 [80]
TFP-3 Lasiosphaera fenzlii fruit body 600 kDa Glucose:Mannose:Galactose = 7.46:1.25:1.29 Total sugar content of 95.24%; 1,3-linked Galp:1,2-linked Manp:Terminal Glcp:1,3,6-linked Glcp:1,2,3,6-linked Glcp = 0.132:0.12:0.402:0.261:0.075 [80]
TFP-4 Lasiosphaera fenzlii fruit body 1000 kDa Glucose:Mannose:Galactose = 5.89:1.22:2.89 Total sugar content of 56.94%; uronic acid content of 47.95%; protein content of 34.89%; due to the high content of protein and uronic acid, methylation was not successful [80]
CGP I-1 Calvatia geigantea N/A Glucose:Mannose:Galactose = 11.28:1.22:3.92 The CGP I-1 molecules was a linear molecules with branches; the main chain is composed of mannose and glucose, and there were 1→3, 1→2,3, 1→3,6 bond types that were not oxidized by periodate acid; the branch chain or end residues of the main chain were composed of β-Gal(1→4), β-Glc(1→6) and α-Glc(1→4) [81]