Table 1.
Characteristics of participants with or without NAFLD in NHANES from 2003 to 2018.
| Characteristic | Overall N = 13,255 |
Non-NAFLD N = 8877 |
NAFLD N = 4378 |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 48.0 (34.0, 61.0) | 45.0 (31.0, 59.0) | 54.0 (39.0, 65.0) | <0.001 |
| Age (years), n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| ≤39 | 4145 (35.6) | 3212 (40.5) | 933 (25.1) | |
| 40–59 | 4357 (36.7) | 2833 (35.4) | 1524 (39.4) | |
| ≥60 | 4753 (27.7) | 2832 (24.1) | 1921 (35.5) | |
| Gender, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 6238 (47.0) | 3912 (43.8) | 2326 (53.8) | |
| Female | 7017 (53.0) | 4965 (56.2) | 2052 (46.2) | |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Mexican American | 2170 (8.5) | 1099 (6.3) | 1071 (13.1) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 5992 (68.1) | 3948 (67.4) | 2044 (69.4) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 2557 (10.3) | 2061 (12.3) | 496 (6.1) | |
| Other | 2536 (13.2) | 1769 (13.9) | 767 (11.5) | |
| Education levels, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <High school | 3167 (15.8) | 1836 (13.6) | 1331 (20.5) | |
| High school | 3011 (23.3) | 2009 (22.9) | 1002 (24.3) | |
| Some college or above | 7068 (60.8) | 5026 (63.4) | 2042 (55.1) | |
| Family income–poverty ratio, n (%) | 0.002 | |||
| <1.0 | 2249 (13.0) | 1448 (12.4) | 801 (14.3) | |
| 1.0–3.0 | 5280 (37.5) | 3441 (36.4) | 1839 (39.8) | |
| >3.0 | 4691 (49.6) | 3331 (51.2) | 1360 (46.0) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Never smoker | 7586 (56.9) | 5289 (59.4) | 2297 (51.5) | |
| Former smoker | 3370 (25.3) | 1989 (22.4) | 1381 (31.6) | |
| Current smoker | 2295 (17.8) | 1597 (18.2) | 698 (16.9) | |
| Physical activity, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Active | 4100 (62.1) | 3102 (65.1) | 998 (53.4) | |
| Inactive | 2695 (37.9) | 1874 (34.9) | 821 (46.6) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.9 (24.1, 32.6) | 25.9 (23.0, 29.2) | 33.6 (29.9, 38.5) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <30.0 | 8097 (62.5) | 6849 (79.5) | 1248 (25.3) | |
| ≥30.0 | 5130 (37.5) | 2015 (20.5) | 3115 (74.7) | |
| Total energy, kcal | 1963.4 (1533.2, 2496.9) | 1939.5 (1524.0, 2464.5) | 2018.4 (1550.5, 2569.2) | 0.004 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 4893 (32.9) | 2640 (25.0) | 2253 (50.2) | |
| No | 8337 (67.1) | 6218 (75.0) | 2119 (49.8) | |
| High cholesterol, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 4666 (39.3) | 2702 (34.4) | 1964 (49.5) | |
| No | 6756 (60.7) | 4820 (65.6) | 1936 (50.5) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1761 (9.9) | 678 (4.9) | 1083 (20.7) | |
| No | 11,486 (90.1) | 8194 (95.1) | 3292 (79.3) | |
| ALT, U/L | 21.0 (16.0, 28.0) | 19.0 (15.9, 25.0) | 26.0 (20.0, 35.1) | <0.001 |
| AST, U/L | 23.0 (19.0, 27.0) | 22.0 (19.0, 26.0) | 24.1 (21.0, 29.0) | <0.001 |
| TC, mg/dL | 190.0 (164.0, 218.0) | 189.0 (164.0, 216.0) | 192.0 (165.0, 221.0) | 0.033 |
| TG, mg/dL | 105.0 (72.0, 155.0) | 90.0 (64.0, 127.0) | 148.0 (105.0, 209.0) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 111.0 (90.0, 136.0) | 111.0 (90.0, 135.0) | 113.0 (90.0, 138.0) | 0.157 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 51.0 (42.0, 62.0) | 55.0 (46.0, 66.0) | 44.0 (38.0, 52.0) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; BMI, body mass index; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, asparate aminotransferase; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.