Table 3.
Associations of dietary niacin intake with NAFLD in various subgroups in NHANES 2003–2018.
| Dietary Niacin Intake, mg | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Quartile 1 (≤16.3) |
Quartile 2 (16.4–22.1) |
Quartile 3 (22.2–29.1) |
Quartile 4 (≥29.2) |
p interaction |
| Age, years | |||||
| <60 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.81 (0.62, 1.05) | 0.86 (0.66, 1.12) | 0.71 (0.54, 0.94) | 0.654 |
| ≥60 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.88 (0.66, 1.19) | 0.72 (0.54, 0.96) | 0.62 (0.42, 0.93) | |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.73 (0.50, 1.08) | 0.69 (0.49, 0.99) | 0.61 (0.43, 0.88) | 0.615 |
| Female | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.83 (0.65, 1.06) | 0.80 (0.62, 1.05) | 0.70 (0.50, 0.98) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.70 (0.53, 0.94) | 0.71 (0.54, 0.94) | 0.63 (0.47, 0.83) | 0.294 |
| Other | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.05 (0.80, 1.38) | 0.99 (0.75, 1.30) | 0.82 (0.60, 1.13) | |
| Education levels | |||||
| ≤High school | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.89 (0.67, 1.20) | 0.91 (0.67, 1.23) | 0.78 (0.56, 1.07) | 0.961 |
| Some college or above | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.78 (0.59, 1.05) | 0.73 (0.54, 0.98) | 0.63 (0.45, 0.89) | |
| Family income–poverty ratio | |||||
| ≤3.0 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.98 (0.78, 1.22) | 0.97 (0.76, 1.24) | 0.86 (0.65, 1.13) | 0.554 |
| >3.0 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.64 (0.45, 0.93) | 0.61 (0.42, 0.89) | 0.51 (0.35, 0.72) | |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.75 (0.56, 1.00) | 0.82 (0.59, 1.14) | 0.57 (0.41, 0.80) | 0.227 |
| Former or current | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.95 (0.71, 1.29) | 0.77 (0.55, 1.06) | 0.83 (0.60, 1.15) | |
| Physical activity | |||||
| Active | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.85 (0.63, 1.15) | 0.80 (0.58, 1.09) | 0.61 (0.43, 0.85) | 0.315 |
| Inactive | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.82 (0.60, 1.11) | 0.82 (0.59, 1.14) | 0.82 (0.58, 1.16) | |
| BMI | |||||
| <30.0 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.95 (0.70, 1.29) | 0.80 (0.58, 1.10) | 0.77 (0.56, 1.08) | 0.413 |
| ≥30.0 | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.76 (0.58, 0.99) | 0.81 (0.62, 1.07) | 0.65 (0.48, 0.88) | |
| Hypertension | |||||
| Yes | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.99 (0.72, 1.37) | 1.02 (0.74, 1.41) | 0.96 (0.64, 1.44) | 0.033 |
| No | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.70 (0.52, 0.94) | 0.66 (0.50, 0.88) | 0.54 (0.40, 0.74) | |
| High cholesterol | |||||
| Yes | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.84 (0.63, 1.13) | 0.76 (0.56, 1.02) | 0.58 (0.40, 0.85) | 0.876 |
| No | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.86 (0.65, 1.13) | 0.87 (0.66, 1.14) | 0.82 (0.60, 1.11) | |
| Diabetes | |||||
| Yes | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.61 (0.38, 1.00) | 0.76 (0.49, 1.19) | 0.88 (0.48, 1.62) | 0.552 |
| No | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.10) | 0.81 (0.65, 1.01) | 0.67 (0.53, 0.85) | |
Abbreviations: NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; BMI, body mass index; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Data are presented as OR (95% CI). Adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, education levels, family income–poverty ratio, smoking status, physical activity, body mass index, total energy intake, hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes. The strata variable was not included when stratifying by itself.