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. 2023 Sep 22;28(19):6765. doi: 10.3390/molecules28196765

Table 2.

Experimental in vitro and in vivo studies of the beneficial effects of probiotics and their active ingredients on the skin and their mechanisms of action-summary.

Activity Experimental Model Type of Probiotics
/Active Constituent		 Mechanism of Action/Effect References
In Vitro In Vivo/Ex Vivo
Antioxidant Human dermal
fibroblast (HDF)		 Lipoteichoic acid isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum(LTA)
  • -

    LTA pretreatment
  • -

    Inhibited MMP-1 expression.

  • -

    Inhibited activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK).

  • -

    Promoted type 1 procollagen synthesis and reduced the generation of ROS induced by UV irradiation.

 [14]
Normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells
B16F10 murine
melanoma cells		 Heat-killed Lacticaseibacillus
paracasei (PL)
  • -

    Reduced DNA damage.

  • -

    Alleviated UVB-induced oxidative damage.

  • -

    Attenuated UVB-induced photoaging.

 [15]
Murine Nicotinamide mononucleotide
(NMN) combined with
Lactobacillus fermentum TKSN041
  • -

    Improved murine skin damage caused by UVB irradiation and the protective mechanism.

  • -

    Increased the protein expression levels of AMPK, IκB-α, SOD1, and CAT in the skin tissues and Ireduced protein expression of NF-κBp65.

 [16]
Mouse skin fibroblast (MSF) cells
Human epidermal
melanocytes (HEM)		 Heat-killed L. rhamnosus ATCC 7469 (RL)
  • -

    Absorbed UVB and reduced DNA damage.

  • -

    Downregulated MMP-1, 2, 3 expressions associated with MAPK signaling.

  • -

    Reduced ROS content.

  • -

    Suppressed tyrosinase and TYRP-2 activity and/or levels associating with PKA/CREB/MITF signaling.

 [17]
Human keratinocytes
Human
dermal fibroblasts
B16F10 murine
melanoma cells		 Tyndallized Lactobacillus acidophilus KCCM12625P (AL)
  • -

    Induced anti-wrinkle effects by regulating wrinkle-related genes.

  • -

    Reduced the mRNA expression of melanogenesis-related genes such as tyrosinase, TYRP-1, and TYRP-2.

 [18]
Anti-aging HS68 cells
dermal fibroblast cells		 Extracts of Jasminum sambac flowers fermented by
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
  • -

    Enhance the viability of HS68 cells.

  • -

    Remarkably attenuate the UVB/H2O2-induced excessive production of reactive oxygen species, degradation of collagen, and premature senescence.

  • -

    Enhance the expression of antioxidant genes.

 [19]
Streptococcus salivarium spp.
Streptococcus thermophilus S244		 Significant increase in skin moisture
(immediate and long-term).		 [20]
Hs68 cells
Human dermal
fibroblasts		 Hairless mice Administered vehicle or
L. plantarum HY7714
  • -

    Oral supplementation (1 × 109 CFU, per day) for 8 weeks
  • -

    Significant increase in ceramide level flow compared to the UVB group.

  • -

    Suppressed the increased transepidermal water loss and decrease in skin hydration.

  • -

    Improved the reduction in SPT mRNA levels and suppressed the increase in ceramidase mRNA levels caused by UVB.

  • -

    Effectively rescued UVB-reduced procollagen expression through the inhibition of UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase expression in human dermal fibroblasts.

  • -

    Inhibited the number, depth, and area of wrinkles in hairless mouse skin.

 [21,22]
Human foreskin
fibroblast (Hs68)		 SKH-1
hairless mice		 Fermented blackberry (FBB) by
L. plantarum JBMI F5
-FBB pretreatment
-FBB administration
  • -

    Inhibited UVB-mediated type-1 procollagen degradation and (MMP)-1 and MMP-2 protein expression.

  • -

    Suppressed NF-κB.

  • -

    Activation and MAPK phosphorylation.

  • -

    Diminished the wrinkle formation in dorsal skin and epidermal thickening in UVB-irradiated hairless mice.

 [23]
HaCaT cells SKH-1
hairless mice
Volunteers		 Kimchi-derived
L. plantarum K8 lysates
  • -

    Oral supplementation for 8 weeks

  • -

    Oral supplementation experimental candy containing 2.1% L. plantarum K8 lysate
  • -

    Increased hyaluronic acid content

  • -

    Decreased epidermal thickening.

  • -

    Reduced damage to barrier function.

  • -

    Significant increase in hydration.

  • -

    Decreases in horny layer thickness and TEWL value were observed on the face and forearm.

 [24,25]
Double-blind,
placebo-controlled trial Japanese women
volunteers(aged 31–62 years)
8-week treatment		 Heat-killed cells of Lactococcus lactis strain H61
  • -

    Oral supplementation (60 mg per day) for 8 weeks
  • -

    Decreased skin elasticity and melanin Content in the cheek.

  • -

    Increased sebum content.

  • -

    Apparent hair follicles and dryness of the throat at week 8 were higher in the overall H61 group than in the combined placebo group.

  • -

    Marked improvements in self-surveyed skin elasticity.

 [24,25]
UVB-irradiated normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) Cosmetic preparation that contained Water extract from heat-killed L.lactis H61
  • -

    Suppression of inflammation of the skin.

  • -

    Absorbed electromagnetic radiation in the UVB range.

  • -

    Inhibited the production of interleukin-8 induced by UVB.

  • -

    Did not protect against hydrogen peroxide-induced cell damage.

 [26]
Primary epidermal cells Hairless mice Heat-killed L. plantarum L-137
  • -

    Suppressed the loss of water content in the stratum corneum.

  • -

    Increased HA production.

 [27]
Clinical trials Extracellular vesicles (EVs) that were secreted from
L. plantarum of women in
their 20s (LpEVs)
  • -

    Suppressed wrinkle formation and pigmentation.

 [28]
Spot
removing and whitening		 Cultures of Bifidobacterium bifidum IDCC4201 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IDCC 3501
  • -

    Phenyllactic
  • -

    Anti-tyrosinase.

  • -

    Reduced melanin synthesis.

  • -

    Altered protein expression associated with the melanogenesis pathway.

 [29]
Kimchi-derived Pediococcus acidilactici PMC48
  • -

    Degrades melanin.

  • -

    Tyrosinase-inhibiting effect.

 [30]
B16F10 mouse
melanoma cells		 Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) isolated from
Lactobacillus plantarum (pLTA)
  • -

    Inhibited melanogenesis.

  • -

    Reduced the cellular activity of tyrosinase and the expression of tyrosinase family members in a dose-dependent manner.

  • -

    Reduced the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF).

 [31]
Clinical observation L. plantarum-GMNL6
  • -

    The external ointment
  • -

    Enhanced collagen synthesis and the gene expression of serine palmitoyltransferase small subunit A.

  • -

    Reduced melanin synthesis, the biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus, and the proliferation of cutibacterium acnes.

  • -

    The syndromes of skin moisture, skin color, spots, wrinkles, UV spots, and porphyrins were improved.

 [32]
Anti-melanogenic
signaling pathway in
α-melanocyte
stimulating hormone
(α-MSH)-treated B16F10 melanoma cells and zebrafish		 Extracts of Rhodobacter sphaeroides (Lycogen™)
  • -

    Inhibited the cellular melanin contents and expression of the melanogenesis-related protein, including microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase.

  • -

    Reduced phosphorylation of MEK/ERK without affecting phosphorylation of p38.

  • -

    Decreased zebrafish melanin expression in a dose-dependent manner.

 [33]
Anti-
inflammatory		 Twenty-seven AD patients and six healthy control subjects
Staphylococcus
aureus-induced mouse AD models		 Lactobacillus plantarum-derived extracellular vesicles
  • -

    Administration
  • -

    Reduced epidermal thickening and the IL-4 level.

  • -

    Treatment prior to S. aureus EV treatment.

 [34]
Ex vivo skin models Live and the lysate products of probiotic strain
Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938
  • -

    Reduced proinflammatory IL-6 and IL-8.

  • -

    Live.

  • -

    Increased aquaporin 3 (AQP3) gene expression.

  • -

    Had antimicrobial action against path-genic skin bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes M1, cutibacterium acnes AS12, pseudomonas aeruginosa).

  • -

    The lysate-enhanced laminin A/B levels


in a healthy (unstimulated) state of RHE.		 [35]
Human keratinocytes In the forearm skin of 11 atopic dermatitis (AD) patients
stratum corneum
20 healthy elderly women.		 An experimental cream containing sonicated Streptococcus thermophilus
  • -

    2-week application of the cream 7d application of the cream
  • -

    Increase in skin ceramide amounts.

  • -

    Improvement of the signs and symptoms characteristic of AD skin.

  • -

    Increase in skin ceramide amounts.

  • -

    Improvement of lipid barrier and more effective resistance against xerosis.

 [36]
Nerve cell cultures
in vitro		 Ex vivo human skin explant model
Sixty-six female
volunteers		 Bifidobacterium longum sp. extract (BL)
  • -

    Either the cream with the bacterial extract at 10% (the face, arms, and legs twice a day for two months)
  • -

    Significant improvement versus the placebo in variousparameters associated with inflammation.

  • -

    Inhibited capsaicin-induced CGRP release by neurons.

  • -

    Decrease in skin sensitivity at the end of the treatment.

  • -

    Increase skin resistance.

  • -

    Physical and chemical aggression compared to the group of volunteers increased skin resistance.

 [37]