Table 2.
The mean difference in outcomes among time-restricted eating plus behavioral economic interventions, time-restricted eating alone, and usual care groups: An intention-to-treat analysis.
| Outcomes. | Treatment Comparison | Mean Difference (95% CI) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| FPG, mg/dL | TRE vs. Usual care | −3.03 (−7.00, 0.93) | 0.134 |
| TRE + BE vs. Usual care | −1.74 (−5.60, 2.12) | 0.376 | |
| TRE + BE vs. TRE | 1.29 (−2.46, 5.04) | 0.500 | |
| HbA1c, mg% | TRE vs. Usual care | −0.15 (−0.36, 0.07) | 0.177 |
| TRE + BE vs. Usual care | −0.17 (−0.38, 0.04) | 0.113 | |
| TRE + BE vs. TRE | −0.02 (−0.21, 0.17) | 0.821 | |
| DBP, mmHg | TRE vs. Usual care | 0.37 (−4.04, 4.78) | 0.871 |
| TRE + BE vs. Usual care | −3.42 (−7.70, 0.87) | 0.118 | |
| TRE + BE vs. TRE | −3.78 (−8.03, 0.47) | 0.081 | |
| SBP, mmHg | TRE vs. Usual care | 0.69 (−7.26, 8.63) | 0.865 |
| TRE + BE vs. Usual care | −9.67 (−17.40, −1.95) | 0.014 | |
| TRE + BE vs. TRE | −10.36 (−17.96, −2.76) | 0.008 | |
| Body weight, kg | TRE vs. Usual care | −2.67 (−8.65, 3.30) | 0.381 |
| TRE + BE vs. Usual care | 0.13 (−5.80, 6.07) | 0.965 | |
| TRE + BE vs. TRE | 2.81 (−0.23, 5.85) | 0.070 | |
| hs-CRP, mg/dL | TRE vs. Usual care | −1.68 (−3.20, −0.14) | 0.032 |
| TRE + BE vs. Usual care | −0.43 (−1.91, 1.05) | 0.569 | |
| TRE + BE vs. TRE | 1.25 (−0.25, 2.74) | 0.103 | |
| Fasting insulin, mIU/L | TRE vs. Usual care | −1.57 (−3.37, 0.23) | 0.087 |
| TRE + BE vs. Usual care | −1.59 (−3.34, 0.16) | 0.076 | |
| TRE + BE vs. TRE | −0.02 (−1.74, 1.70) | 0.985 | |
| HOMA-IR | TRE vs. Usual care | −0.47 (−1.00, 0.05) | 0.079 |
| TRE + BE vs. Usual care | −0.40 (−0.91, 0.11) | 0.127 | |
| TRE + BE vs. TRE | 0.07 (−0.43, 0.58) | 0.773 | |
| TG, mg/dL | TRE vs. Usual care | −6.32 (−25.57, 12.93) | 0.520 |
| TRE + BE vs. Usual care | −9.35 (−28.03, 9.34) | 0.327 | |
| TRE + BE vs. TRE | −3.03 (−21.71, 15.66) | 0.751 | |
| Chol, mg/dL | TRE vs. Usual care | −17.10 (−35.97, 1.78) | 0.076 |
| TRE + BE vs. Usual care | −7.70 (−26.08, 10.69) | 0.412 | |
| TRE + BE vs. TRE | 9.40 (−8.23, 27.02) | 0.296 | |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | TRE vs. Usual care | −12.58 (−29.87, 4.70) | 0.154 |
| TRE + BE vs. Usual care | −3.68 (−20.53, 13.17) | 0.668 | |
| TRE + BE vs. TRE | 8.90 (−7.00, 24.79) | 0.272 | |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | TRE vs. Usual care | −1.55 (−7.01, 3.91) | 0.578 |
| TRE + BE vs. Usual care | −3.82 (−9.16, 1.52) | 0.161 | |
| TRE + BE vs. TRE | −2.27 (−7.00, 2.45) | 0.347 | |
| Total energy intake, kcal/day | TRE vs. Usual care | −72.53 (−241.50, 96.44) | 0.400 |
| TRE + BE vs. Usual care | −75.47 (−239.0, 88.05) | 0.366 | |
| TRE + BE vs. TRE | −2.94 (−166.41, 160.53) | 0.972 | |
| Carbohydrate, g/day | TRE vs. Usual care | −8.36 (−33.45, 16.73) | 0.514 |
| TRE + BE vs. Usual care | −9.09 (−33.36, 15.18) | 0.463 | |
| TRE + BE vs. TRE | −0.73 (−25.03, 23.57) | 0.953 | |
| Protein, g/day | TRE vs. Usual care | −1.74 (−10.51, 7.02) | 0.696 |
| TRE + BE vs. Usual care | −0.67 (−9.15, 7.81) | 0.877 | |
| TRE + BE vs. TRE | 1.07 (−7.41, 9.55) | 0.804 | |
| Total fat, g/day | TRE vs. Usual care | −3.51 (−11.77, 4.74) | 0.404 |
| TRE + BE vs. Usual care | −4.09 (−12.08, 3.90) | 0.316 | |
| TRE + BE vs. TRE | −0.58 (−8.56, 7.41) | 0.888 | |
| Cholesterol, mg/day | TRE vs. Usual care | −34.26 (−95.79, 27.26) | 0.275 |
| TRE + BE vs. Usual care | −12.73 (−72.27, 46.80) | 0.675 | |
| TRE + BE vs. TRE | 21.53 (−38.01, 81.08) | 0.478 | |
| Saturated fat, g/day | TRE vs. Usual care | −2.19 (−5.00, 0.62) | 0.126 |
| TRE + BE vs. Usual care | −2.80 (−5.51, −0.09) | 0.043 | |
| TRE + BE vs. TRE | −0.61 (−3.33, 2.12) | 0.663 | |
| Simple sugar, g/day | TRE vs. Usual care | 2.24 (−11.43, 15.90) | 0.748 |
| TRE + BE vs. Usual care | −4.23 (−17.45, 8.98) | 0.530 | |
| TRE + BE vs. TRE | −6.47 (−19.72, 6.78) | 0.339 |
CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TRE, time-restricted eating.