Table 3.
Post-intervention changes in each cognitive function parameter (placebo group: n = 32; active group: n = 31).
| Week 0 | Week 8 | Week 12 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p-Value | Mean (SD) | p-Value | ||
| Neurocognitive index | Placebo | 103.5 (5.7) | 104.8 (4.9) | 0.090 | 105.7 (5.9) | 0.003 |
| Active | 101.6 (6.8) | 104.5 (8.2) | 0.045 | 107.2 (5.1) | <0.001 | |
| ∆ Neurocognitive index | Placebo | 1.4 (4.4) | 0.345 | 2.3 (4.0) | 0.027 | |
| Active | 2.9 (7.6) | 5.5 (7.1) | ||||
| Composite memory | Placebo | 105.3 (13.6) | 102.7 (15.9) | 0.264 | 102.6 (12.3) | 0.231 |
| Active | 104.4 (14.8) | 107.6 (13.6) | 0.147 | 107.2 (13.3) | 0.297 | |
| ∆ Composite memory | Placebo | −2.7 (13.2) | 0.070 | −2.8 (12.7) | 0.114 | |
| Active | 3.2 (12.1) | 2.8 (14.7) | ||||
| Verbal memory | Placebo | 105.3 (13.6) | 106.1 (15.0) | 0.746 | 105.1 (13.2) | 0.926 |
| Active | 104.6 (14.3) | 107.9 (13.6) | 0.129 | 108.5 (14.6) | 0.142 | |
| ∆ Verbal memory | Placebo | 0.8 (14.1) | 0.452 | −0.2 (13.3) | 0.241 | |
| Active | 3.3 (11.7) | 3.9 (14.5) | ||||
| Visual memory | Placebo | 103.7 (14.8) | 98.3 (15.7) | 0.035 | 99.2 (14.8) | 0.124 |
| Active | 103.3 (12.8) | 105.1 (11.8) | 0.495 | 103.7 (11.0) | 0.861 | |
| ∆ Visual memory | Placebo | −5.4 (14.0) | 0.047 | −4.5 (16.1) | 0.202 | |
| Active | 1.8 (14.3) | 3.9 (14.5) | ||||
| Psychomotor speed | Placebo | 106.3 (8.8) | 108.5 (9.3) | 0.045 | 108.3 (10.1) | 0.073 |
| Active | 106.2 (8.3) | 108.9 (8.4) | 0.016 | 108.6 (7.6) | 0.054 | |
| ∆ Psychomotor speed | Placebo | 2.1 (5.7) | 0.664 | 1.9 (5.8) | 0.720 | |
| Active | 2.8 (6.1) | 2.5 (6.9) | ||||
| Reaction time | Placebo | 94.7 (11.3) | 94.8 (11.8) | 0.906 | 98.8 (11.1) | <0.001 |
| Active | 96.6 (9.1) | 98.8 (10.6) | 0.112 | 100.8 (9.5) | 0.003 | |
| ∆ Reaction time | Placebo | 0.1 (6.0) | 0.230 | 4.2 (4.8) | 0.981 | |
| Active | 2.2 (7.3) | 4.2 (7.1) | ||||
| Complex attention | Placebo | 108.3 (8.9) | 111.9 (6.2) | 0.028 | 111.5 (6.4) | 0.015 |
| Active | 104.0 (11.2) | 105.2 (23.4) | 0.762 | 112.3 (4.7) | <0.001 | |
| ∆ Complex attention | Placebo | 3.6 (8.8) | 0.580 | 3.2 (6.9) | 0.041 | |
| Active | 1.2 (22.4) | 8.3 (11.8) | ||||
| Cognitive flexibility | Placebo | 102.8 (9.3) | 106.1 (7.3) | 0.004 | 107.5 (8.4) | <0.001 |
| Active | 96.7 (10.9) | 102.2 (9.8) | 0.014 | 106.5 (6.4) | <0.001 | |
| ∆ Cognitive flexibility | Placebo | 3.3 (6.0) | 0.359 | 4.8 (6.7) | 0.038 | |
| Active | 5.5 (11.6) | 9.8 (11.5) | ||||
| Processing speed | Placebo | 114.4 (9.3) | 115.9 (9.9) | 0.312 | 116.8 (10.2) | 0.100 |
| Active | 114 (9.3) | 117.2 (11.1) | 0.058 | 118.4 (9.3) | 0.004 | |
| ∆ Processing speed | Placebo | 1.4 (7.9) | 0.403 | 2.3 (7.7) | 0.291 | |
| Active | 3.3 (9.2) | 4.4 (7.8) | ||||
| Executive function | Placebo | 102.8 (9.3) | 105.3 (7.5) | 0.016 | 107.2 (9) | 0.001 |
| Active | 96.8 (11.1) | 102.0 (9.9) | 0.022 | 106.3 (6.4) | <0.001 | |
| ∆ Executive function | Placebo | 2.5 (5.5) | 0.265 | 4.5 (6.9) | 0.044 | |
| Active | 5.2 (11.9) | 9.5 (11.8) | ||||
| Social acuity | Placebo | 86.2 (14.7) | 92.0 (14.5) | 0.052 | 94.0 (18.0) | 0.013 |
| Active | 90.0 (17.6) | 94.5 (17.2) | 0.213 | 98.1 (14.9) | 0.018 | |
| ∆ Social acuity | Placebo | 5.8 (16.3) | 0.790 | 7.8 (16.8) | 0.937 | |
| Active | 4.6 (20.1) | 8.2 (18.1) | ||||
| Reasoning | Placebo | 94.7 (16.5) | 91.3 (18.3) | 0.264 | 95.0 (17.5) | 0.929 |
| Active | 92.8 (15.9) | 96.6 (14.5) | 0.166 | 93.9 (14.2) | 0.706 | |
| ∆ Reasoning | Placebo | −3.4 (16.9) | 0.078 | 0.3 (15.8) | 0.837 | |
| Active | 3.8 (14.9) | 1.1 (15.6) | ||||
| Working memory | Placebo | 105.7 (12.1) | 105.0 (14.1) | 0.779 | 105.6 (11.0) | 0.952 |
| Active | 103.5 (13.7) | 109.2 (9.3) | 0.010 | 107.7 (10.6) | 0.095 | |
| ∆ Working memory | Placebo | −0.7 (14.3) | 0.056 | −0.1 (11.6) | 0.180 | |
| Active | 5.7 (11.6) | 4.2 (13.5) | ||||
| Sustained attention | Placebo | 108.3 (10.0) | 108.8 (9.0) | 0.767 | 109.0 (10.3) | 0.737 |
| Active | 106.7 (9.9) | 110.6 (9.1) | 0.020 | 111.7 (7.2) | 0.013 | |
| ∆ Sustained attention | Placebo | 0.6 (10.6) | 0.184 | 0.7 (11.5) | 0.126 | |
| Active | 3.9 (8.8) | 5.0 (10.6) | ||||
| Simple attention | Placebo | 102.5 (11.6) | 103.0 (14.1) | 0.892 | 103.8 (9.8) | 0.528 |
| Active | 105.6 (7.3) | 81.4 (136.6) | 0.337 | 105.7 (6.8) | 0.948 | |
| ∆ Simple attention | Placebo | 0.5 (19.3) | 0.320 | 1.3 (11.3) | 0.683 | |
| Active | −24.2 (137.7) | 0.1 (10.9) | ||||
| Motor speed | Placebo | 99.7 (10.7) | 101.4 (10.0) | 0.101 | 100.5 (11.4) | 0.523 |
| Active | 99.2 (11.7) | 100.8 (10.4) | 0.129 | 99.8 (10.2) | 0.673 | |
| ∆ Motor speed | Placebo | 1.8 (5.9) | 0.926 | 0.8 (7.1) | 0.901 | |
| Active | 1.6 (5.8) | 0.6 (7.6) | ||||
All data are presented as mean (SD) of Cognitrax scores. Data at week 8 and week 12 were compared with those at week 0 using the paired t-test. Comparisons between the placebo and active groups were calculated as changes from week 0, indicated by the “Δ” symbol, and tested using the unpaired t-test.